Diferencia entre revisiones de «COPD exacerbation»
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==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
===Oxygen=== | ===[[Oxygen]]=== | ||
*Maintain PaO<sub>2</sub> of 60-70 or SpO<sub>2</sub> 90-94% | *Maintain PaO<sub>2</sub> of 60-70 or SpO<sub>2</sub> 90-94% | ||
*If unable to correct hypoxemia with a low FiO2 consider alternative diagnosis | *If unable to correct hypoxemia with a low FiO2 consider alternative diagnosis | ||
*Adequate oxygenation is essential, even if it leads to hypercapnia | *Adequate oxygenation is essential, even if it leads to hypercapnia | ||
*If hypercapnia leads to AMS, dysrhythmias, or acidemia consider [[Intubation]] | *If hypercapnia leads to AMS, dysrhythmias, or acidemia consider [[Intubation]] | ||
===Albuterol/ipratropium=== | ===[[Albuterol]]/[[ipratropium]]=== | ||
*Improves airflow obstruction and treatment should involve rapid administration upon recognition of COPD exacerbation. <ref>Celli BR. Update on the management of COPD. Chest. Jun 2008;133(6):1451-62.</ref> | *Improves airflow obstruction and treatment should involve rapid administration upon recognition of COPD exacerbation. <ref>Celli BR. Update on the management of COPD. Chest. Jun 2008;133(6):1451-62.</ref> | ||
===Steroids=== | ===[[Steroids]]=== | ||
Similar efficacy between oral and intravenous. Treatment options include: | Similar efficacy between oral and intravenous. Treatment options include: | ||
*Methylprednisolone 1-2 mg/kg IV daily (usual adult dose 125mg)<ref>Eisner MD, et al: An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:693-718</ref> | *Methylprednisolone 1-2 mg/kg IV daily (usual adult dose 125mg)<ref>Eisner MD, et al: An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:693-718</ref> | ||
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For outpatients a 5 day dose appears equally effective as longer doses and a taper is not required.<ref>Eisner MD, et al: An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:693-718</ref> | For outpatients a 5 day dose appears equally effective as longer doses and a taper is not required.<ref>Eisner MD, et al: An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:693-718</ref> | ||
===Antibiotics=== | ===[[Antibiotics]]=== | ||
''Indicated for patients with purulent sputum, increased sputum production, or requiring [[EBQ:NIPPV_in_COPD|Non Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation]]<ref>GOLD collaborators</ref>'' | ''Indicated for patients with purulent sputum, increased sputum production, or requiring [[EBQ:NIPPV_in_COPD|Non Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation]]<ref>GOLD collaborators</ref>'' | ||
====Outpatient Healthy==== | ====Outpatient Healthy==== | ||
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====Inpatient==== | ====Inpatient==== | ||
*If Pseudomonas risk factors the use: | *If [[Pseudomonas]] risk factors the use: | ||
**[[Levofloxacin]] PO or IV OR [[Cefepime]] IV OR [[Ceftazidime]] IV OR [[Piperacillin/Tazobactam]] IV | **[[Levofloxacin]] PO or IV OR [[Cefepime]] IV OR [[Ceftazidime]] IV OR [[Piperacillin/Tazobactam]] IV | ||
*No pseudomonas risk factors: | *No pseudomonas risk factors: | ||
**[[Levofloxacin]] or [[Moxifloxacin]] PO or IV OR [[Ceftriaxone]] IV OR [[Cefotaxime]] IV | **[[Levofloxacin]] or [[Moxifloxacin]] PO or IV OR [[Ceftriaxone]] IV OR [[Cefotaxime]] IV | ||
**Consider oseltamivir during influenza season | **Consider [[oseltamivir]] during influenza season | ||
====Evidence==== | ====Evidence==== | ||
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===[[EBQ:NIPPV in COPD|Noninvasive ventilation]] (CPAP or BiPaP)=== | ===[[EBQ:NIPPV in COPD|Noninvasive ventilation]] (CPAP or BiPaP)=== | ||
*CPAP: start at low level and titrate up to max 15 | *[[CPAP]]: start at low level and titrate up to max 15 | ||
*BiPAP: Start IPAP 8 (max 20), EPAP 4 (max 15) | *[[BiPAP]]: Start IPAP 8 (max 20), EPAP 4 (max 15) | ||
''Contraindications:'' | ''Contraindications:'' | ||
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*pH <7.25 and PaCO2 >60 | *pH <7.25 and PaCO2 >60 | ||
*Altered mental status | *Altered mental status | ||
*Cardiovascular complications (hypotension, shock, CHF) | *Cardiovascular complications ([[hypotension]], [[shock]], [[CHF]]) | ||
==Disposition== | ==Disposition== | ||
Revisión del 15:38 2 jun 2015
Background
- Airflow limitation (FEV1:FVC < 0.70) that is not fully reversible
- Encompasses chronic bronchitis (85%) and emphysema (15%)
- Acute exacerbations due to incr V/Q mismatch, not expiratory airflow limitation
Precipitants
- Infection (75%)
- 50% viral, 50% bacterial
- Cold weather
- B-blockers
- Narcotics
- Sedative-hypnotic agents
- Pneumothorax
- PE
Pseudomonas Risk Factors
- Recent hospitalization (>2 days within previous 3 months)
- Frequent abx tx (>4 courses w/in past year)
- Severe underlying COPD (FEV1 < 50% predicted)
- Previous isolation of pseudomonas
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Acute dyspnea
Emergent
- Pulmonary
- Airway obstruction
- Anaphylaxis
- Angioedema
- Aspiration
- Asthma
- Cor pulmonale
- Inhalation exposure
- Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
- Pneumonia
- Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Tension pneumothorax
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis acute exacerbation
- Cystic fibrosis exacerbation
- Cardiac
- Other Associated with Normal/↑ Respiratory Effort
- Other Associated with ↓ Respiratory Effort
Non-Emergent
- ALS
- Ascites
- Uncorrected ASD
- Congenital heart disease
- COPD exacerbation
- Fever
- Hyperventilation
- Interstitial lung disease
- Neoplasm
- Obesity
- Panic attack
- Pleural effusion
- Polymyositis
- Porphyria
- Pregnancy
- Rib fracture
- Spontaneous pneumothorax
- Thyroid Disease
- URI
Diagnosis
- VBG/ABG
- Perform if SpO2 <90% or concerned about symptomatic hypercapnia
- Peak flow
- <100 indicates severe exacerbation
- CXR
- Consider if concerned for PNA or CHF
- Sputum culture
- Usually not indicated except for pt w/ recent antibiotic failure
Treatment
Oxygen
- Maintain PaO2 of 60-70 or SpO2 90-94%
- If unable to correct hypoxemia with a low FiO2 consider alternative diagnosis
- Adequate oxygenation is essential, even if it leads to hypercapnia
- If hypercapnia leads to AMS, dysrhythmias, or acidemia consider Intubation
Albuterol/ipratropium
- Improves airflow obstruction and treatment should involve rapid administration upon recognition of COPD exacerbation. [1]
Steroids
Similar efficacy between oral and intravenous. Treatment options include:
- Methylprednisolone 1-2 mg/kg IV daily (usual adult dose 125mg)[2]
- Prednisone 40 mg PO daily
For outpatients a 5 day dose appears equally effective as longer doses and a taper is not required.[3]
Antibiotics
Indicated for patients with purulent sputum, increased sputum production, or requiring Non Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation[4]
Outpatient Healthy
- Antibiotics should be a 3-5 day course and options include:
- Azithromycin 500mg PO BID[5]
- Doxycycline 500 mg PO BID
- Levofloxacin 500 mg PO BID[6]
Outpatient Unhealthy
- Age >65, cardiac disease, >3 exacerbations/per year
- Levofloxacin/Moxifloxacin OR Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
Inpatient
- If Pseudomonas risk factors the use:
- Levofloxacin PO or IV OR Cefepime IV OR Ceftazidime IV OR Piperacillin/Tazobactam IV
- No pseudomonas risk factors:
- Levofloxacin or Moxifloxacin PO or IV OR Ceftriaxone IV OR Cefotaxime IV
- Consider oseltamivir during influenza season
Evidence
Antibiotics for COPD exacerbations have an NNT of[7]:
- 3:1 to prevent conservative treatment failure
- 8:1 to prevent short-term mortality
- 20:1 to cause diarrhea
Noninvasive ventilation (CPAP or BiPaP)
Contraindications:
- Uncooperative or obtunded pt
- Inability to clear secretions
- Hemodynamic instability
Mechanical ventilation
Indications:
- Severe dyspnea w/ use of accessory muscles and paradoxical breathing
- RR>35 bpm with anticipated clinical course for respiratory failure
- PaO2 <50 or PaO2/FiO2 <200
- pH <7.25 and PaCO2 >60
- Altered mental status
- Cardiovascular complications (hypotension, shock, CHF)
Disposition
Consider hospitalization for:
- Marked increase in intensity of symptoms (e.g. sudden development of resting dyspnea)
- Background of severe COPD
- Onset of new physical signs (e.g., cyanosis, peripheral edema)
- Failure of exacerbation to respond to initial medical management
- Significant comorbidities
- Newly occurring arrhythmias
- Diagnostic uncertainty
- Older age
- Insufficient home support
See Also
References
- ↑ Celli BR. Update on the management of COPD. Chest. Jun 2008;133(6):1451-62.
- ↑ Eisner MD, et al: An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:693-718
- ↑ Eisner MD, et al: An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:693-718
- ↑ GOLD collaborators
- ↑ Rothberg MB, et al: Antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA 2010; 303:2035-2042
- ↑ Anzueto A, Miravitlles M: Short-course fluoroquinolone therapy in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD. Respir Med 2010; 104:1396-1403
- ↑ Ram FS, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006.19(2).