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===[[Hyperglycemia]]===
===Hyperglycemia===
*Nonketotic hyperglycemia
 
*[[DKA]]
====Diabetic Emergencies====
**[[Cerebral edema in DKA]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]] (DKA)
*[[Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis (peds)]]
*[[New onset diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state]] (HHS)
*[[Nonketotic hyperglycemia]]
*Euglycemic DKA ([[SGLT-2 inhibitors]], pregnancy, fasting)
 
====Diabetes Mellitus (New or Known)====
*[[Diabetes mellitus (main)|Type 1 diabetes mellitus]] (new-onset or uncontrolled)
*[[Diabetes mellitus (main)|Type 2 diabetes mellitus]] (new-onset or uncontrolled)
*Medication noncompliance or insulin pump malfunction
*Gestational diabetes
*Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)
 
====Medication/Drug-Induced====
*'''[[Corticosteroids]]''' (most common drug-induced cause)
*[[Thiazide diuretics]]
*[[Atypical antipsychotics]] (olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine)
*[[Beta-blockers]] (especially non-selective)
*[[Phenytoin]]
*[[Tacrolimus]], [[cyclosporine]] (transplant patients)
*[[Protease inhibitors]] (HIV antiretrovirals)
*Catecholamines ([[epinephrine]], [[norepinephrine]] infusions)
*[[SGLT-2 inhibitors]] (paradoxical DKA with euglycemia)
*Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
*[[Dextrose]]-containing IV fluids (iatrogenic)
*Niacin
*Pentamidine (initially hyperglycemia, then hypoglycemia from beta-cell destruction)
 
====Physiologic Stress Response====
*'''[[Sepsis (Main)|Sepsis]]''' / critical illness (stress hyperglycemia — very common in the ED)
*'''[[Trauma]]''' / major surgery / burns
*'''[[Acute coronary syndrome]]''' / [[myocardial infarction]]
*'''[[Stroke (Main)|Stroke]]''' (especially hemorrhagic)
*'''[[Pancreatitis]]''' (both a cause and consequence)
*'''Shock''' (any etiology)
*'''Pain''' (catecholamine surge)
*'''[[Seizure]]''' (postictal)
*Physiologic stress alone rarely causes glucose >200 mg/dL in non-diabetics; glucose >200 in a "stress response" should prompt evaluation for undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes
 
====Endocrine====
*'''[[Cushing syndrome]]''' / Cushing disease (cortisol excess)
*'''[[Pheochromocytoma]]''' (catecholamine excess)
*'''[[Hyperthyroidism]]''' / [[thyroid storm]]
*'''[[Acromegaly]]''' (growth hormone excess)
*Glucagonoma (rare)
*Somatostatinoma (rare)
 
====Pancreatic====
*'''[[Pancreatitis]]''' (acute or chronic — destruction of islet cells)
*Pancreatic malignancy (adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors)
*Post-pancreatectomy
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]-related diabetes
*[[Hemochromatosis]] (iron deposition in pancreas — "bronze diabetes")
 
====Toxic/Overdose====
*'''[[Iron toxicity]]''' (hepatic injury → impaired glucose regulation)
*'''[[Salicylate toxicity]]''' (can cause both hyper- and hypoglycemia)
*'''Sympathomimetic toxicity''' ([[cocaine]], [[methamphetamine]])
*'''[[Calcium channel blocker toxicity]]''' (impairs insulin secretion)
*'''[[Carbon monoxide toxicity]]''' (stress response)
 
====Other====
*'''Renal failure''' ([[chronic kidney disease]], [[acute kidney injury]] — impaired insulin clearance AND insulin resistance)
*'''[[Cirrhosis]]''' / hepatic failure (impaired glycogenolysis regulation)
*'''Pregnancy''' (gestational diabetes, steroid administration for fetal lung maturity)
*'''Parenteral nutrition''' (TPN, dextrose-containing fluids)
*'''Post-transplant diabetes''' (immunosuppressants)
 
====Complications of Diabetes (Not Causes of Hyperglycemia)====
''These are associated conditions that may be present alongside hyperglycemia but do not themselves cause elevated glucose:''
*[[Diabetic foot infection]]
*[[Diabetic peripheral neuropathy]]
*[[Cerebral edema in DKA]]
*[[Diabetic retinopathy]]
*[[Diabetic nephropathy]]

Revisión actual - 12:11 10 mar 2026

Hyperglycemia

Diabetic Emergencies

Diabetes Mellitus (New or Known)

Medication/Drug-Induced

Physiologic Stress Response

  • Sepsis / critical illness (stress hyperglycemia — very common in the ED)
  • Trauma / major surgery / burns
  • Acute coronary syndrome / myocardial infarction
  • Stroke (especially hemorrhagic)
  • Pancreatitis (both a cause and consequence)
  • Shock (any etiology)
  • Pain (catecholamine surge)
  • Seizure (postictal)
  • Physiologic stress alone rarely causes glucose >200 mg/dL in non-diabetics; glucose >200 in a "stress response" should prompt evaluation for undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes

Endocrine

Pancreatic

  • Pancreatitis (acute or chronic — destruction of islet cells)
  • Pancreatic malignancy (adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors)
  • Post-pancreatectomy
  • Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes
  • Hemochromatosis (iron deposition in pancreas — "bronze diabetes")

Toxic/Overdose

Other

  • Renal failure (chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury — impaired insulin clearance AND insulin resistance)
  • Cirrhosis / hepatic failure (impaired glycogenolysis regulation)
  • Pregnancy (gestational diabetes, steroid administration for fetal lung maturity)
  • Parenteral nutrition (TPN, dextrose-containing fluids)
  • Post-transplant diabetes (immunosuppressants)

Complications of Diabetes (Not Causes of Hyperglycemia)

These are associated conditions that may be present alongside hyperglycemia but do not themselves cause elevated glucose:

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