Antibiotics by diagnosis

Bone and Joint

Diskitis or Osteomyelitis

Inpatient Therapy

Use cefepime or ciprofloxacin if targeting Pseudomonas spp

Infectious Tenosynovitis

Treatment should cover S. aureus, Streptococcus, and MRSA

Animal Bites

Pediatrics

Mycobacteria related

Treatment should include usual therapy listed above in addition to:

Open fracture

Prophylactic Antibiotics for Open fractures

Initiate as soon as possible; increased infection rate when delayed[1]

Grade I & II Fractures Options

  • Cefazolin 2 g IV (immediately and q8 hours x 3 total doses) (Ancef)[2]
  • Cephalosporin allergy: Clindamycin 900 mg IV (immediately and q8 hours x 3 total doses)[2]

Grade III Fracture Options

  • Ceftriaxone 2 g IV (immediately x 1 total dose) PLUS Vancomycin 1 g IV (immediately and q12 hours x 2 total doses)[2]
  • Cephalosporin allergy: Aztreonam 2 g IV (immediately and q8 hours x 3) PLUS Vancomycin 1 g IV (immediately and q12 hours x 2 total doses)[2]

Special Considerations

Pediatric

Grade I & II
  • Cefazolin 25mg/kg IV (max 2g) immediately then q8hrs x 3 doses
  • Cephalosporin allergy: Clindamycin 10mg/kg IV (max 900mg) immediately then q8hrs x 3 doses
Grade III
  • Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg IV (max 2g) x 1 + Vancomycin 15mg/kg IV (max 1g) then q12hrs x 2 doses
  • Cephalosporin allergy: Aztreonam 30mg/kg IV (max 2g) then q8hrs x 3 + Vancomycin

Osteomyelitis

Risk Factor Likely Organism Initial Empiric Antibiotic Therapy'
Elderly, hematogenous spread MRSA, MSSA, gram neg Vancomycin 1g IV q12h + (Piperacillin/Tazobactam 3.375g IV q6h OR Imipenem 500mg IV q6h)
Sickle Cell Disease Salmonella, gram-negative bacteria Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg IV once daily OR Cefotaxime 50mg/kg IV three times daily, PLUS
  • Vancomycin 15mg/kg IV four times daily OR
  • Clindamycin 10mg/kg IV PO four times daily OR
  • Nafcillin 50 mg/kg IV four times daily to cover K. Kingae (common in daycare population)
DM or vascular insufficiency Polymicrobial: Staph, strep, coliforms, anaerobes Vancomycin 1g IV q12h + (Piperacillin/Tazobactam 3.375g IV q6h OR Imipenem 500mg IV q6h)
IV drug user MRSA, MSSA, pseudomonas Vancomycin 1g IV q12h 
Newborn MRSA, MSSA, GBS, Gram Negative Vancomycin 15mg/kg load, then reduce dose, AND Ceftazidime 30mg/kg IV q12 h
Children MRSA, MSSA Vancomycin 10mg/kg q6 h AND Ceftazidime 50mg/kg q8hr
Postoperative (ortho) MRSA, MSSA Vancomycin 1g IV q12h
Human bite Strep, anaerobes, HACEK organism Piperacillin/Tazobactam 3.375gm OR Imipenem 500mg IV q6h
Animal bites Pasteurella, Eikenella, HACEK organism Piperacillin/Tazobactam 3.375gm OR Imipenem 500mg IV q6h
Foot puncture wound Pseudomonas Anti-pseudomonal, staph coverage
  • Dicloxacillin <40kg: 50-100mg/kg/day PO divided q6h; >40kg: 250-500mg PO q6h

Septic Arthritis

For adults treatment should be divided into Gonococcal and Non-Gonococcal

Gonococcal

Non-Gonococcal

Pediatrics

Neonates (<3 months)
Children (>3 months)

Sickle Cell

Coverage for Salmonella and Staphylococcus spp

Septic Bursitis

Cover Staphylococcus aureus (80-90%) and Streptococcus

Outpatient Options

Treatment followup with primary physician is important since the regimen may need extension to 3 weeks.

Inpatient Options

Cardiovascular

Endocarditis

Native Valves

Options:[4]

Suspected MRSA:[4]

Prosthetic Valves (Early)

Early prosthetic valve endocarditis defined as < 12 months post surgery[4]

IV Drug User without Prosthetic Valve

Prosthetic Valve (Late)

Late prosthetic valve endocarditis defined as ≥ 12 months post surgery[4]
  • Same as native valve endocarditis empiric therapy

Dental Procedure Prophylaxis

All antibiotics options are given as a single dose 1 hour prior to the dental procedure

Options:[5]

Pediatric Dosing:

Pediatric Empiric

ENT

Epiglottitis

Coverage targets Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus pyogenes, and Haemophilus influenzae, and H. parainfluenzae

Immunocompetent

Immunocompromised

Coverage should extend to all of the typical organisms above as well as Pseudomonas, M. tuberculosis, and C. albicans

Pediatric Immunocompetent

Pediatric Immunocompromised

Dental Abscess

Treatment is broad and focused on polymicrobial infection

Pediatric

Ludwig's Angina

  • Must cover typical polymicrobial oral flora and tailored based on patient's immune status
  • Most commonly a 3rd generation cehpalosporin + (clindamycin or metronidazole)
  • If the patient is immuncompromised, the antibiotics need to also cover MRSA and gram-negative rods[7]

Immunocompetent Host[8]

Pediatric Immunocompetent

Immunocompromised[9]

Pediatric Immunocompromised

Mastoiditis

Coverage against S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. aureus, H. influenzae

Pediatric

Trench Mouth (Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis)

Options

also nystatin oral rinses of 5ml q6 hrs daily for 14 days will help with concominent fungal infection

HIV positive

in addition to antibiotic regimen consider an oral anti-fungal or nystatin

Otitis Media

Initial Treatment

High Dose Amoxicillin

  • <2 months
    • Amoxicillin 30mg/kg/day PO divided q12h x 10 days
    • First Dose: 15mg/kg PO x 1
  • 2 months - 5 years
    • Amoxicillin 80-90mg/kg/day PO divided q12h x 10 days
    • First Dose: 40-45mg/kg PO x 1
    • Max: 1000mg/dose
  • 6-12 years
    • Amoxicillin 80-90mg/kg/day PO divided q12h x 5-10 days
    • First Dose: 40-45mg/kg/day PO x 1
    • Max: 1000mg/dose

Treatment during prior Month

  1. If amoxicillin taken in past 30 days, Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
    • 80-90mg of amoxicillin per kg/day PO divided BID x 7-10 days
    • Clavulanate increases vomiting/diarrhea
  2. Cefdinir 14mg/kg/day BID x7-10 days
  3. Cefpodoxime 10mg/kg PO daily x7-10 days
  4. Cefuroxime 15mg/kg PO BID x7-10 days
  5. Cefprozil 15mg/kg PO BID x7-10 days

Otitis/Conjunctivitis

  • Suggestive of non-typeable H.flu
  1. Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
    • 80-90mg of amoxicillin per kg/day PO divided BID x 7-10 days
    • Clavulanate increases vomiting/diarrhea

Treatment Failure

defined as treatment during the prior 7-10 days

  1. Amoxicillin/Clavulanate 80-90mg of amoxicillin per kg/day PO divided BID x 7-10 days
  2. Ceftriaxone 50mg/kg IM once as single injection x 3 days
    • Use if cannot tolerate PO

Penicillin Allergy

  1. Azithromycin 10mg/kg/day x 1 day and 5mg/kg/day x 4 remaining days
  2. Clarithromycin 7.5mg/kg PO BID x 10 days
  3. Clindamycin 10mg/kg PO three times daily
  • Cephalexin 75-100mg/kg/day PO divided q12h x 10 days; Max: 4,000mg/24h

Otitis Externa

  1. Ofloxacin 5 drops in affected ear BID x 7 days (Floxin otic)[10]
    • Safe with perforations
  2. Ciprofloxacin-hydrocortisone 3 drops in affected ear BID x 7 days
    • Contains hydrocortisone to promote faster healing
    • Not recommended for perforation since non-sterile preparation
  3. Ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone 4 drops in affected ear BID x 7 days
    • Similar to Cipro HC but safe for perforations
    • Often more expensive
  4. Cortisporin otic 4 drops in ear TID-QID x 7days (neomycin/polymixin B/hydrocortisone)
    • Use suspension (NOT solution) if possibility of perforation
    • Animal studies suggest possible toxicity from the neomycin although rigorous data is lacking[11]

Pediatric: Same topical regimens apply to children

  1. Ofloxacin 5 drops (>12yr) or 3 drops (<12yr) in affected ear BID x 7 days
  2. Ciprofloxacin 3-4 drops in affected ear BID x 7 days (with dexamethasone or hydrocortisone)

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Treatment can be delayed for up to 9 days and still prevent major sequelae

Penicillin Options:

Penicillin allergic (mild):

Penicillin allergic (anaphylaxis):[12]

  • Clindamycin 7 mg/kg/dose TID (maximum = 300 mg/dose) x 10 days[18]
  • Azithromycin 12 mg/kg PO once (maximum = 500 mg), then 6 mg/kg (max=250 mg) once daily for the next 4 days[19]
  • Clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg/dose PO BID (maximum = 250 mg/dose) x 10 days[20]


Pediatric Dosing:

  • Amoxicillin 50mg/kg PO once daily x 10 days (max 1000mg)
  • Penicillin V <27kg: 250mg PO BID-TID x 10 days; >27kg: 500mg PO BID-TID x 10 days
  • Penicillin G Benzathine <27kg: 600,000 units IM x 1; >27kg: 1.2 million units IM x 1
  • PCN allergy (mild): Cephalexin 20mg/kg PO BID x 10 days (max 500mg/dose)
  • PCN allergy (mild): Cefadroxil 30mg/kg PO daily x 10 days (max 1g)
  • PCN allergy (severe): Azithromycin 12mg/kg PO day 1 (max 500mg), then 6mg/kg daily x 4 days (max 250mg)
  • PCN allergy (severe): Clindamycin 7mg/kg/dose PO TID x 10 days (max 300mg/dose)
  • PCN allergy (severe): Clarithromycin 7.5mg/kg PO BID x 10 days (max 250mg/dose)

Peritonsillar Abscess

Coverage for Streptococcus species, anerobes, Eikenella, H. influenza, S. auresus

Outpatient Options

Inpatient Options

Pediatric Outpatient

Pediatric Inpatient

Suppurative Parotitis

Treatment targeted at S. aureus, gram negative bacilli, mumps, enteroviruses, and influenza virus

Pediatric

Eye

Corneal Abrasion

Does Not Wear Contact Lens

Wears Contact Lens

Antibiotics should cover pseudomonas and favor 3rd or 4th generation fluoroquinolones

  • Levofloxacin 0.5% solution 2 drops ever 2 hours for 2 days THEN q6hrs for 5 days OR
  • Moxifloxacin 0.5% solution 2 drops every 2 hours for 2 days THEN q6hrs for 5 days OR
  • Tobramycin 0.3% solution 2 drops q6hrs for 5 days OR
  • Gatifloxacin 0.5% solution 2 drops every 2 hours for 2 days THEN q6hrs for 5 days OR
  • Gentamicin 0.3% solution 2 drops six times for 5 days

Pediatric

Same topical regimens as adults

  • Erythromycin 0.5% ointment applied QID x 3-5 days (preferred in young children)
  • Moxifloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution 1-2 drops QID x 5 days

Orbital Cellulitis

Pediatric:

GI

Clostridium Difficile

Moderate Infection

  • Vancomycin 125 mg PO four times daily for 10 days
  • Fidaxomicin 200 mg PO two times daily for 10 days
  • Metronidazole 500mg PO or IV three times daily for 10 days (third line therapy)

Pediatric:

  • Vancomycin 10mg/kg PO QID x 10 days (max 125mg/dose)
  • Fidaxomicin 200mg PO BID x 10 days (>12yr and >40kg); weight-based for younger
  • Metronidazole 7.5mg/kg PO/IV TID x 10 days (max 500mg/dose) (third line)

Serous Infection

Appendicitis

Zosyn 4.5g (100 mg/kg) IV Q6

OR

Flagyl 500mg (7.5mg/kg) IV Q6

PLUS

Ciprofloxacin 400mg IV Q12

Cholecystitis

Augmentin 3g IV Q6

OR

Imipenem/Cilastin 500mg IV Q6

Diverticulitis

Uncomplicated

First, consider whether antibiotics are needed:

  • In immunocompetent patients with mild uncomplicated diverticulitis (no systemic signs, able to tolerate PO, reliable follow-up), a trial of supportive care alone (bowel rest, hydration, pain control) without antibiotics is reasonable[23][24]
  • Antibiotics ARE indicated if: immunocompromised, significant comorbidities/frailty, CRP >140 mg/L, WBC >15 × 10⁹/L, refractory symptoms, vomiting, or CT showing fluid collection or longer segment of inflammation[23]

If antibiotics are prescribed (4-7 day course preferred):[23]

Preferred:

  • Amoxicillin/Clavulanate 875/125mg PO Q8hrs x 5 days (or Augmentin XR 2 tablets BID [each tablet 1gm amoxicillin 62.5mg clavulanate])[25][26]
    • Equally effective as fluoroquinolone + metronidazole with lower C. difficile risk (especially in patients ≥65 years)[26]
    • Avoids FDA black box fluoroquinolone risks (tendinopathy, neuropathy, aortic dissection, CNS effects)[27]

Alternatives (penicillin allergy or intolerance):

Complicated

Options:

Infectious Diarrhea

  • Empiric Treatment: Cipro 500mg PO Q12 x3d
  • Giardia: Flagyl 500mg PO Q8 x5d
  • C. diff: Flagyl 500mg PO Q8 x14d

Traveler's Diarrhea

Options for Adults:

Typhoid Fever

Oral therapy with Quinolone Susceptibility

Parenteral Therapy with Quinolone Susceptibility

Parenteral Therapy with Quinolone Resistance

if nalidixic acid resistant, assume fluoroquinolone resistant
OR
  • Cefixime 10-15 mg/kg IV q 12 hrs x 8 days

Oral Therapy with Quinolone Resistance

  • Azithromycin 1 g PO daily x 5 days
  • Amoxicillin Not 1st line treatment; 50-100mg/kg/day PO divided q6-8h x 14 days; First Dose: 12.5mg-33.3mg/kg PO x 1
  • Amoxicillin Not 1st line treatment; 50-100mg/kg/day PO divided q6-8h x 14 days

Pediatric

  • Ceftriaxone 50-80mg/kg IV daily x 10-14 days (max 2g)
  • Azithromycin 10-20mg/kg PO daily x 5-7 days (max 1g)
  • Cefixime 15-20mg/kg/day PO divided BID x 7-14 days (max 400mg/dose)

GU

Epididymitis

  • For acute epididymitis likely caused by STI [35]
  • For acute epididymitis most likely caused by STI and enteric organisms (MSM)
  • For acute epididymitis most likely caused by enteric organisms

For persons weighing ≥150 kg, 1 g of ceftriaxone should be administered.

Cervicitis/Urethritis

Template:Urethritis antibiotics

Neuro

Bell's Palsy

Eye Protection

  • Cornea eye protection (Level X)[36]
    • Artificial tears qhr while patient is awake
    • Ophthalmic ointment at night
    • Eye should be taped shut at night
    • Protective glasses or goggles

Steroids

Should be started within 72hrs of symptom onset[37]

Antivirals

Most likely no added benefit when combined with steroids.[40] However also little harm associated with antivirals especially in patients with normal renal function[39]

Antibiotics

  • Consider empiric empiric dosing if high index of suspicion for Lyme based on clinical presentation or lab data

Encephalitis

Often it is unclear which type of encephalitis is present and starting Acyclovir empirically is appropriate. In addition to the pathogens below, possible causes can include West Nile Virus, EBV, HIV, toxoplasmosis, or rabies.

HSV encephalitis

  • Acyclovir 10mg/kg (10-15mg/kg for pediatrics) every 8hrs

HZV encephalitis

CMV encephalitis

Tick Associated (Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichiosis or Rickettsia)

  • Doxycycline 200 mg IV once followed by 100 mg IV twice daily

Pediatric

HSV Encephalitis

  • Acyclovir 20mg/kg IV q8hrs x 21 days (neonates); 10-15mg/kg IV q8hrs x 14-21 days (children)

CMV Encephalitis

Tick Associated

Epidural Abscess

Treat for 6-8 weeks

Pediatric

Meningitis

Neonates (up to 1 month of age)[42]

MRSA is uncommon in the neonate

  • Ampicillin 75mg/kg IV q6hrs PLUS
  • Cefotaxime 50mg/kg IV q6hrs OR 2.5mg/kg IV q8hrs
    • Per AAP, ceftazidime 50mg/kg IV (q12hr for babies < 8 days of age, q8hr for >7 days old) is a reasonable alternative to cefotaxime, offering virtually the same coverage for enteric bacilli and is FDA approved for all age groups[43]
  • If suspecting S. pneumoniae or MRSA, add standard neonatal dosing
  • Consider acyclovir for HSV

> 1 month old[44]

Alternatives (e.g. penicillin/cephalosporin allergy):

Adult < 50 yr[45]

Adult > 50 yr and Immunocompromised[46]

Post Procedural (or penetrating trauma)[48]

Cryptococcosis Meningitis

Options

  • Amphotericin B 1mg/kg IV once daily AND Flucytosine 25mg/kg PO q6hrs daily
  • Amphotericin B 5mg/kg IV once daily AND Flucytosine 25mg/kg PO q6hrs daily

Meningitis with severe PCN allergy

Meningitis with VP shunt

Neisseria meningitidis Prophylaxis

  • Ceftriaxone 250mg IM once
  • Ceftriaxone 125mg IM once (if <=15yr)
  • Ciprofloxacin 500mg PO once
  • Rifampin 600 mg PO BID x 2 days
  • Rifampin <1mo: 5mg/kg PO BID x 2 days; >=1mo: 10mg/kg PO BID x 2 days
  • Ampicillin/Sulbactam 400mg ampicillin/kg/day IM/IV divided q6 hours; First Dose: 100mg ampicillin/kg IM/IV x 1 (150mg Unasyn/kg IM/IV x 1); Max: 2000mg ampicillin (3000mg Unasyn) per DOSE
  • Meropenem 2g IV every 8 hours.
  • Nafcillin 100-200mg/kg/day IV divided q4-6h; Max: 12 g/day

Tetanus

Metronidazole:

(<1200g)

  • 7.5 mg/kg PO/IV q48h
  • First Dose: 7.5 mg/kg PO/IV x 1

(>1200g AND <1 Month Old)

  • <7 days old
    • 7.5-15 mg/kg/day PO/IV q12-24h
    • First Dose: 7.5-15 mg/kg PO/IV x 1
  • >7 days old
    • 15-30 mg/kg/day PO/IV q12h
    • First Dose: 7.5-15 mg/kg PO/IV x 1

(>1 Month Old)

  • 30 mg/kg/day PO/IV q6h
  • First Dose: 7.5 mg/kg PO/IV x 1
  • Max: 4 g/day

PID

Antibiotics

  • No sexual activity for 2 weeks;
  • Treat all partners who had sex with patient during previous 60 days prior to symptom onset

Outpatient Antibiotic Options

Inpatient Antibiotic Options

Acute cystitis

===Outpatient=== Women, Uncomplicated

  • Nitrofurantoin ER 100mg BID x 5d, OR
  • TMP/SMX DS (160/800mg) 1 tab BID x 3d (Females) x7days (Males), OR
  • Cephalexin 250mg QID x 5d, OR
  • Ciprofloxacin 250mg BID x3d
    • Avoid using fluoroquinolone for the first-line treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women.[55]
  • Fosfomycin 3 g PO once
    • Lower clinical and microbiologic success compared to nitrofurantoin TID for 5 days [56]

Women, Complicated

Women, Concern for Urethritis

Men


===Inpatient Options=== *Ciprofloxacin 400mg IV q12hr, OR

Pediatric

  • TMP/SMX 6-12mg/kg/day (TMP) PO divided BID x 7-10 days
  • Cephalexin 25-50mg/kg/day PO divided q6-8h x 7-10 days (max 500mg/dose)
  • Nitrofurantoin 5-7mg/kg/day PO divided q6h x 7-10 days; avoid in infants <1 month
  • Cefpodoxime 10mg/kg/day PO divided BID (max 200mg/dose)
  • Cefixime 8mg/kg/day PO daily (max 400mg)

Pediatric Inpatient

Prostatitis

Associated with STD

Target organisms are E. coli, and STDs (GC)

No Associated STD and Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

Aimed at Enterobacteriaceae, enterococci, Pseudomonas

  • Ciprofloxacin 500mg PO q12hrs x 28 days OR
  • Levofloxacin 500mg PO daily x 28 days OR
  • TMP/SMX 1 DS tablet PO q12hrs x 28 days
  • Consider extension to 6 wks of empiric therapy

Septic

Pyelonephritis

Treatment is targeted at E. coli, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, S. saprophyticus.

Outpatient

Consider one dose of Ceftriaxone 1g IV or Gentamicin 7mg/kg IV if the regional susceptibility of TMP/SMX or Fluoroquinolones is <80%

Adult Inpatient Options


Pediatric Outpatient Options

  • Cephalexin 25-50mg/kg/day PO divided q6-8h x 10-14 days (max 500mg/dose) OR
  • Cefixime 8mg/kg PO daily x 10-14 days (max 400mg) OR
  • Cefdinir 14mg/kg/day PO divided BID x 10 days (max 600mg/day) OR
  • Cefpodoxime 10mg/kg/day PO divided BID x 10 days (max 200mg/dose) OR
  • TMP/SMX 6-12mg/kg/day (TMP) PO divided BID x 10-14 days

Pediatric Inpatient Options

Pulmonary

Pneumonia

Outpatient

Coverage targeted at S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, and Legionella

Healthy[61]

No comorbidities (chronic heart, lung, liver, or renal disease; diabetes mellitus; alcoholism; malignancy; or asplenia) and no risk factors for MRSA or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (include prior respiratory isolation of MRSA or P. aeruginosa or recent hospitalization AND receipt of parenteral antibiotics (in the last 90 d))

  • Amoxicillin 1 g three times daily (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence), OR
  • Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily (conditional recommendation, low quality of evidence), OR
  • Macrolide in areas with pneumococcal resistance to macrolides <25% (conditional recommendation, moderate quality of evidence).
  • Duration of therapy 5 days minimum

Unhealthy[61]

If patient has comorbidities or risk factors for MRSA or Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  • Combination therapy:
    • Amoxicillin/Clavulanate
      • 500 mg/125 mg TID OR amox/clav 875 mg/125 mg BID OR 2,000 mg/125 mg BID. Duration is for a minimum of 5 days and varies based on disease severity and response to therapy; patients should be afebrile for ≥48 hours and clinically stable before therapy is discontinued[62]
    • OR cephalosporin
    • AND macrolide
      • Azithromycin 500 mg on first day then 250 mg daily
      • OR clarithromycin 500 mg BID OR clarithromycin ER 1,000 mg daily (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence for combination therapy)
    • OR doxycycline 100 mg BID (conditional recommendation, low quality of evidence for combination therapy)
  • Monotherapy: respiratory fluoroquinolone (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence):

Inpatient

  • Monotherapy or combination therapy is acceptable
  • Combination therapy includes a cephalosporin and macrolide targeting atypicals and Strep Pneumonia[63]
  • Adjunctive corticosteroids in severe CAP: The SCCM 2024 Focused Update strongly recommends corticosteroids for hospitalized adults with severe bacterial CAP (strong recommendation, moderate certainty)[64]
    • CAPE COD trial (NEJM 2023): Hydrocortisone 200 mg IV daily (50 mg q6h) in severe CAP requiring ICU/intermediate care → ↓ 28-day mortality (6.2% vs 11.9%, NNT ~18), ↓ intubation, ↓ vasopressor use[65]
    • Duration: 200 mg/day for 4–7 days based on clinical improvement, then tapered (total 8–14 days)
    • Excluded patients already in septic shock
    • No recommendation for or against steroids in less severe CAP[64]
    • Avoid in influenza pneumonia (without bacterial superinfection)[61]
  • Duration: Minimum 5 days; continue until clinically stable (temp ≤37.8°C, HR ≤100, RR ≤24, SBP ≥90, SpO2 ≥90% on RA, tolerating PO, baseline mental status) for ≥48 hours[61]
  • De-escalation: If empiric MRSA or Pseudomonas coverage was started, de-escalate to standard CAP therapy within 48 hours if cultures/MRSA nasal PCR are negative and patient is improving[61]

Community Acquired (Non-ICU)

Coverage against community acquired organisms plus M. catarrhalis, Klebsiella, S. aureus[61]

ICU, Low Risk of MRSA/Pseudomonas

ICU, Risk of Pseudomonas (without MRSA risk)

2019 guidelines recommend single antipseudomonal β-lactam (changed from double gram-negative coverage in 2007 guidelines)[61]

ICU, Risk of MRSA

Add MRSA coverage to appropriate regimen above[61]

  • Vancomycin 15–20 mg/kg IV q8-12h (target AUC/MIC 400-600) OR Linezolid 600 mg IV q12h
  • MRSA nasal PCR has a high negative predictive value (~95%); if negative, MRSA coverage can be safely discontinued[66]

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

Pneumonia developing ≥48 hours after hospital admission in non-intubated patients[67]

High risk of MRSA or high mortality risk (ventilatory support for HAP or septic shock)
Low risk of MRSA and low mortality risk

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

Pneumonia developing ≥48 hours after endotracheal intubation[67]

High risk of MRSA or IV antibiotics in the last 90 days or unit MRSA prevalence >10-20% or unknown
Low risk of MRSA and Pseudomonas (no risk factors for antimicrobial resistance, unit MRSA <10-20%)
  • Single antipseudomonal β-lactam monotherapy (from list above) is acceptable[67]
  • Duration: 7 days recommended[67]


Skin and Soft Tissue

Cellulitis/Superficial Abscess

Bactrim DS 2tab PO Q12 x5-10d

PLUS

Cephalexin 500mg PO Q6 x5-10

OR

Clindamycin 450mg PO Q8 x5-10d

Diabetic with systemic toxicity

Vancomycin 1g IV

PLUS

Unasyn 3g IV

OR

Zosyn 3.375g IV

Bioterrorism

Environmental Exposure

Immunocompromised

Neutropenic Fever

Zosyn 4.5g IV

OR

Meropenem 1g IV

PLUS/MINUS

Gentamicin 2mg/kg IV

ADD

Vancomycin 1g IV for catheter related infection, colonization with MRSA, gram-positive culture unknown susceptibility, suspected sepsis

Post Exposure Prophylaxis

Pediatric

See Antibiotics By Diagnosis (Peds)

Sepsis

Arthropod and Parasitic Infections

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Gosselin RA, et al. Antibiotics for preventing infection in open limb fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (1):CD003764.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Garner MR, et al. Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Open Fractures: Evidence, Evolving Issues, and Recommendations. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. April 15, 2020. 28(8):309-315
  3. ↑ HoffWS, Bonadies JA, Cachecho R, Dorlac WC: East practice management guidelines work group: Update to practice management guidelines for prophylactic antibiotic use in open fractures. J Trauma 2011;70:751-754.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 ESC Task Force Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis. European Heart Journal (2009) 30, 2369–2413 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp285 PDF
  5. ↑ AHA Pocket Card Dental Prophylaxis Endocarditis
  6. ↑ Young LS, Price CS. Complicated adult epiglottitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Otolaryngol. Nov-Dec 2007;28(6):441-3.
  7. ↑ Costain N, Marrie T. Ludwig’s Angina. American Journal of Medicine. Feb 2011. 124(2): 115-117
  8. ↑ Barton E, Blair A. Ludwig's Angina. J Emerg Med. 2008. 34(2): 163-169.
  9. ↑ Spitalnic SJ, Sucov A. Ludwig's angina: case report and review. J Emerg Med. 1995;13:499-503
  10. ↑ Clinical Practice Guideline: Acute Otitis Externa Executive Summary. Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery 2014 150: 161 DOI: 10.1177/0194599813517659 PDF
  11. ↑ Wright, C. et al. Ototoxicity of neomycin and polymyxin B following middle ear application in the chinchilla and baboon. Am J Otol. 1987 Nov;8(6):495-9.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Shulman, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis: 2012 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2012;55(10):1279–82
  13. ↑ CDC Website, accessed 2026-28-01. https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html
  14. ↑ CDC Website, accessed 2026-28-01. https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html
  15. ↑ CDC Website, accessed 2026-28-01. https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html
  16. ↑ CDC Website, accessed 2026-28-01. https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html
  17. ↑ CDC Website, accessed 2026-28-01. https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html
  18. ↑ CDC Website, accessed 2026-28-01. https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html
  19. ↑ CDC Website, accessed 2026-28-01. https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html
  20. ↑ CDC Website, accessed 2026-28-01. https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html
  21. ↑ CDC Website, accessed 2026-28-01. https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html
  22. ↑ CDC Website, accessed 2026-28-01. https://www.cdc.gov/group-a-strep/hcp/clinical-guidance/strep-throat.html
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  24. ↑ Qaseem A, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Left-Sided Colonic Diverticulitis: A Clinical Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175(3):399-415.
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  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Gaber CE, Kinlaw AC, Edwards JK, et al. Comparative Effectiveness and Harms of Antibiotics for Outpatient Diverticulitis: Two Nationwide Cohort Studies. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(6):737-746. doi:10.7326/M20-6315
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA updates warnings for oral and injectable fluoroquinolone antibiotics due to disabling side effects. July 26, 2016.
  28. ↑ Wilkins T et al. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Diverticulitis. Am Fam Physician. 2013 May 1;87(9):612-620.
  29. ↑ Hoge CW. et al. Trends in antibiotic resistance among diarrheal pathogens isolated in Thailand over 15 years. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:341–5
  30. ↑ Steffen R, et al. Traveler's Diarrhea: A Clinical Review. JAMA. 2015;313(1):71-80. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17006
  31. ↑ Sanders JW. et al. An observational clinic-based study of diarrheal illness in deployed United States military personnel in Thailand: presentation and outcome of Campylobacter infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67:533–8
  32. ↑ Steffen R, et al. Traveler's Diarrhea: A Clinical Review. JAMA. 2015;313(1):71-80. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17006
  33. ↑ Steffen R, et al. Traveler's Diarrhea: A Clinical Review. JAMA. 2015;313(1):71-80. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.17006
  34. ↑ DuPont HL. et al. Rifaximin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1807–15
  35. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/epididymitis.htm
  36. ↑ Baugh RF, Basura GJ, Ishii LE, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Bell's palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(3 Suppl):S1-S27.
  37. ↑ Vargish L. For Bell's palsy, start steroids early; no need for an antiviral. J Fam Pract. Jan 2008; 57(1): 22–25http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183838/pdf/JFP-57-22.pdf
  38. ↑ UpToDate. Bell's Palsy Prognosis and Treatment. March, 2014
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Gronseth GS, Paduga R. Evidence-based guideline update: Steroids and antivirals for Bell palsy: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2012Full Text
  40. ↑ Lockhart et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD001869.
  41. ↑ Rigamonti D. et al. Spinal epidural abscess: contemporary trends in etiology, evaluation, and management. Surg Neurol 1999; 52:189-96
  42. ↑ van de Beek D. et al. Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet. Nov 10 2012;380(9854):1693-702
  43. ↑ https://www.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/02/25/aapnews.20150225-1
  44. ↑ van de Beek D. et al. Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet. Nov 10 2012;380(9854):1693-702
  45. ↑ van de Beek D. et al. Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet. Nov 10 2012;380(9854):1693-702
  46. ↑ van de Beek D. et al. Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet. Nov 10 2012;380(9854):1693-702
  47. ↑ [Guideline] Chaudhuri A, Martinez-Martin P, Kennedy PG, et al. EFNS guideline on the management of community-acquired bacterial meningitis: report of an EFNS Task Force on acute bacterial meningitis in older children and adults. Eur J Neurol. 2008 Jul. 15(7):649-59.
  48. ↑ van de Beek D. et al. Advances in treatment of bacterial meningitis. Lancet. Nov 10 2012;380(9854):1693-702
  49. ↑ Hayes BD. Trick of the Trade: IV ceftriaxone for gonorrhea. October 9th, 2012 ALiEM. https://www.aliem.com/2012/10/trick-of-trade-iv-ceftriaxone-for/. Accessed October 23, 2018.
  50. ↑ Update to CDC's Treatment Guidelines for Gonococcal Infection, 2020 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6950a6.htm
  51. ↑ Ness RB et al. Effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient treatment strategies for women with pelvic inflammatory disease: results from the Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) Randomized Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:929-37
  52. ↑ Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021;70(No. RR-4):1-187. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1external icon
  53. ↑ CDC PID Treatment http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/pid.htm
  54. ↑ Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021;70(No. RR-4):1-187. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1external icon
  55. ↑ Choosing Wisely. American Urogynecologic Society. http://www.choosingwisely.org/societies/american-urogynecologic-society
  56. ↑ Huttner, A., Kowalczyk, A., Turjeman, A., Babich, T., Brossier, C., Eliakim-Raz, N., … Harbarth, S. (2018). Effect of 5-Day Nitrofurantoin vs Single-Dose Fosfomycin on Clinical Resolution of Uncomplicated Lower Urinary Tract Infection in Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 319(17), 1781–1789.
  57. ↑ Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011;52(5):e103-e120. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq257
  58. ↑ Colgan R, Williams M. Diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Oct 1;84(7):771-6.
  59. ↑ Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults. Johnson, JR and Russo, TA. New England Journal of Medicine 2018; 378:48-59.
  60. ↑ Sandberg T. et al. Ciprofloxacin for 7 days versus 14 days in women with acute pyelonephritis: a randomised, open-label and double-blind, placebo-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012 Aug 4;380(9840):484-90.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.5 61.6 61.7 61.8 Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67
  62. ↑ IDSA. Mandell 2007
  63. ↑ Chokshi R, Restrepo MI, Weeratunge N, Frei CR, Anzueto A, Mortensen EM. Monotherapy versus combination antibiotic therapy for patients with bacteremic Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Jul 2007;26(7):447-51
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Chaudhuri D, Nei AM, Rochwerg B, et al. 2024 Focused Update: Guidelines on Use of Corticosteroids in Sepsis, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2024;52(5):e219-e233.
  65. ↑ Dequin PF, Meziani F, Quenot JP, et al. Hydrocortisone in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(21):1931-1941.
  66. ↑ Parente DM, Cunha CB, Engemann AM, et al. The Clinical Utility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Nasal Screening to Rule Out MRSA Pneumonia: A Diagnostic Meta-analysis With Antimicrobial Stewardship Implications. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(1):1-7.
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  68. ↑ Luther MK, Timbrook TT, Caffrey AR, Dosa D, Lodise TP, LaPlante KL. Vancomycin Plus Piperacillin-Tazobactam and Acute Kidney Injury in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(1):12-20.
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