Rapid sequence intubation

Agents

Premedication

• Atropine
  • 0.02 mg/kg, minimum dose 0.1 mg
  • Prevents bradycardia & dries secretions
  • Indications:
    • Intubation in child < 1 yr old
    • Intubation in child 1-5 yrs old using succinylcholine
    • Intubation in child > 5 yrs old using second dose of succinylcholine
• Lidocaine
  • 1.5 mg/kg
  • Lowers ICP
• Fentanyl
  • 3 mcg/kg
  • Blunts sympathetic response to intubation (pretreat if concern for inc ICP/BP, i.e. ICH, aortic dissection)
  • Should be the last agent given

Induction

• Etomidate 0.2-0.4 mg/kg
  • Onset - 1 min
  • Duration - 30-60 min
• Versed 0.2-0.3 mg/kg (max 5 mg)
  • Onset - 1 to 2 min
  • Duration - 30-60 min
• Propofol 1-3 mg/kg
  • Duration - 10-15 min
• Ketamine 1-2 mg/kg IV or 3-4 mg/kg IM
  • Duration - 30 min

Paralytics

• Succinylcholine
  • 1.5 mg/kg (>10 y/o)
  • 2.0 mg/kg (< 10 y/o)
  • 4mg/kg IM if no line
  • Onset - 45s
  • Dur - 10-15 min
• Rocuronium
  • 1.2 mg/kg (intubate)
  • 0.6mg/kg (paralyze)
  • Onset - 60s
  • Dur - 25-60 min
• Vecuronium
  • 0.3 mg/kg (intubate)
  • 0.1mg/kg (paralyze)
  • Onset - 60-90 s
  • Dur - 90 min

7 Ps

1. Preparation

• SOAPME: (Suction, oxygen, airway, pharmacology, monitoring, equipment)

2.Preoxygenation

• Nitrogen wash-out
  • 100% NRB for 3-5min or 8 VC breaths (BVM) w/ high-flow O2

3. Pretreatment

• Ischemic heart dz/dissection: Fentanyl 3-5mcg/kg
• Incr ICP: Fentanyl 3-5mcg/kg (+/- lidocaine 1.5mg/kg (some think drop in MAP not worth it))
• Reactive Airway Dz: Lidocaine 1.5mg/kg (suppresses cough reflex)
• Peds (age <1): Atropine 0.01-.02mg/kg (min 0.1 mg, max 0.5 mg)
  • Controversial

4. Paralysis with induction

• INDUCTION
  • Etomidate (0.3mg/kg)
    • Especially good for hypotensive/trauma patients
    • Hemodynamically neutral, lowers ICP
    • Lowers seizure threshold in patients with known sz disorder
    • Does NOT blunt sympathetic reaction to intubation (no analgesic effect)
    • Adrenal suppression is likely irrelevant with one-time dose
  • Ketamine (1-4mg/kg)
    • Agent of choice for asthmatics
    • Available in IM form
    • Sympathomimetic
      • Avoid in pt with incr. ICP AND HTN
      • Consider in pt with incr. ICP AND hypotension or normal BP
  • Midazolam (0.2 mg/kg)
    • Consider in pt with CHF (nitro-life effect --> decr. vent filling pressure)
    • Consider in pt in status epilepticus (anti-seizure effect)
    • May decrease MAP, especially if pt hypovolemic
  • Propofol (1.5 to 3 mg/kg)
    • Consider in pt with bronchospasm
    • Decreases MAP, CPP
• PARALYSIS
  • Succinylcholine
    • 1.5 mg/kg - better to overdose than to underdose
    • 2mg/kg - neonates/infants
  • Contraindications
    • Stroke <6 months old, MS, muscular dystrophies
    • ECG changes c/w hyperkalemia
    • OK to use in crush injury, acute stroke as long as within 3 days of occurrence
  • Rocuronium
    • 1-1.2mg/kg

5. Protection and positioning

• Sniffing position

6. Pass Tube

• Intubation
• End-tidal CO2 detection is primary means of ETT placement confirmation
• Cola-complication: need CO2 detection for at least 6 ventilations

7. Postintubation management

• CXR
• Sedation
  • Benzos
    • Lorazepam 1-4mg bolus; then 0.01-0.1mg/kg/hr (titrate q1hr)
    • Midazolam 1-5mg bolus; then 0.04-0.2mg/kg/hr (titrate q1hr)
  • Propofol
    • 5-80mcg/kg/min (titrate q10min)
• Analgesia
  • Fentanyl 1-2mcg/kg bolus; then 25-250mcg/hr (titrate q20min)

See Also

• Intubation

Source

• Harwood & Nuss
• UpToDate
• EMRA PressorDex