Constipation (peds)

DDX

1. Infants
   1. Hirschsprung’s disease
   2. Congenital anorectal malformations
   3. Neurologic disorders
   4. Encephalopathy
   5. Spinal cord abnormalities: myelomeningocele, spina bifida, tethered cord
   6. Cystic fibrosis
   7. Metabolic causes
      1. Hypothyroidism
      2. Hypercalcemia
      3. Hypokalemia
      4. diabetes insipidus
   8. Heavy-metal poisoning
   9. Medication side effects
2. Children (older than 1 year)
   1. Functional constipation (more than95 percent of cases)
   2. Organic causes
      1. Hirschsprung’s disease
      2. Metabolic causes
         1. Hypothyroidism
         2. Hypercalcemia
         3. Hypokalemia
         4. diabetes insipidus
         5. Diabetes Mellitus
      3. Cystic fibrosis
      4. Gluten enteropathy
      5. Spinal cord trauma or abnormalities
      6. Neurofibromatosis
      7. Heavy-metal poisoning
      8. Medication side effects
      9. Developmental delays
      10. Sexual abuse