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{{AdultPage|ankle fracture (peds)}}
==Background==
==Background==
[[File:Weber Classification - latin.png|thumb|Danis–Weber classification of ankle fractures (Types A, B and C).]]


==Clinical Features==
==Clinical Features==
*Examine for ecchymoses, abrasions, or swelling
*Examine for ecchymoses, abrasions, or swelling
*vascular and neurologic assessment
*Vascular and neurologic assessment
**DPs and PTs
**DP and PT pulses
**4 sensation distributions: saphenous nerve (medial mal), superficial fib (lat mal), sural nerve (lateral 5th digit), deep fib (1st web space)
**4 sensation distributions: saphenous nerve (medial mal), superficial fib (lat mal), sural nerve (lateral 5th digit), deep fib (1st web space)
*Note skin integrity and areas of tenderness or crepitus over ankle
*Note skin integrity and areas of tenderness or crepitus over ankle
*Range joint passively and actively to evaluate for stability
*Range joint passively and actively to evaluate for stability
*Examine Joints above and below the ankle
*Examine joints above and below the ankle
*Perform anterior drawer test (positive exam suggests torn ATFL)
*Perform anterior drawer test (positive exam suggests torn ATFL)
*'''Always palpate entire length of fibula to rule-out [[Maisonneuve Fracture]] (fibulotibialis ligament tear)'''
*'''Always palpate entire length of fibula to rule-out [[Maisonneuve Fracture]] (fibulotibialis ligament tear)'''
Línea 16: Línea 18:


==Differential Diagnosis==
==Differential Diagnosis==
*[[Ankle Sprain]]
{{Other ankle injuries DDX}}


{{Distal leg fractures DDX}}
{{Distal leg fractures DDX}}


==Diagnosis==
{{Foot and toe fractures DDX}}
*[[Ottawa Ankle Rules]] (sen 96-99% for excluding fx)
 
==Evaluation==
[[File:Danis–Weber classification on X-ray.jpg|thumb|Danis–Weber classification on X-ray.]]
[[File:WeberARadiopediaOB.jpg|thumb|Weber A Oblique]]
[[File:WeberBRadiopedOB.jpg|thumb|Weber B Oblique]]
[[File:WeberBAPMedp.jpg|thumb|Weber B AP]]
[[File:WeberCOBMedp.jpg|thumb|Weber C Oblique]]
[[File:WeberCAPMedp.jpg|thumb|Weber C AP]]
 
*[[Ottawa Ankle Rules]] (sen 96-99% for excluding fracture)
*3 views:
*3 views:
**AP: Best for isolated lateral and medial malleolar fractures
**AP: Best for isolated lateral and medial malleolar fractures
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***At a point 1 cm proximal to tibial plafond space between tib/fib should be ≤6mm
***At a point 1 cm proximal to tibial plafond space between tib/fib should be ≤6mm
**Lateral: Best for posterior malleolar fractures
**Lateral: Best for posterior malleolar fractures
*consider proximal tib/fib films and talus fxs
*Consider proximal tib/fib films and talus fractures


==Types of Fractures==
===Classification (Danis-Weber System)===
*unimalleolar fx - look for other fracture. splint. possible ORIF
[[File:WeberclassRadioped.jpg|thumb|]]
*bimalleolar fx - fracture involves lateral and medial malleoli
*System based on level of the fibular fracture and characterizes stability of fracture
**unstable: ORIF
*Tibial plafond and the two malleoli is referred to as the ankle "mortise" (or talar mortise)
*trimalleolar fx - fracture involves lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, and the distal posterior aspect of the tibia (posterior malleolus)
**unstable: ORIF


[[File:WeberARadiopediaOB.jpg|thumb|Weber A Oblique]]
====Type A====
[[File:WeberBRadiopedOB.jpg|thumb|Weber B Oblique]]
*Fibula fracture below ankle joint/distal to plafond
[[File:WeberBAPMedp.jpg|thumb|Weber B AP]]
**Medial malleolus often fractured
[[File:WeberCOBMedp.jpg|thumb|Weber C Oblique]]
**Tibiofibular syndesmosis intact
[[File:WeberCAPMedp.jpg|thumb|Weber C AP]]
**Usually stable: occasionally requires ORIF


==Classification (Danis-Weber System)==
====Type B====
[[File:WeberclassRadioped.jpg|thumb|]]
*Fibula fracture at the level of the ankle joint/at the plafond
*system based on level of the fibular fx and characterizes stability of fx
**Can extend superiorly and laterally up fibula
*tibial plafond and the two malleoli is referred to as the ankle "mortise" (or talar mortise)
**Tibiofibular syndesmosis intact or only partially torn
 
**No widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation
===Type A===
**Medial malleolus may be fracture
*fibula fx below ankle joint/distal to plafond
**Possible instability
**medial malleolus often fractured
***Use gravity or weight bearing stress X-rays to determine stability <ref>Tips for Managing Weber B Ankle Fractures By Joseph Noack, MD; and Spencer Tomberg, MD. ACEP Now April 14, 2020 https://www.acepnow.com/article/tips-for-managing-weber-b-ankle-fractures/?singlepage=1</ref>
**tibiofibular syndesmosis intact
**usually stable: occasionally requires ORIF


===Type B===
====Type C====
*fibula fx at the level of the ankle joint/at the plafond
*Fibula fracture above the level of the ankle joint/proximal to plafond
**can extend superiorly and laterally up fibula
**Tibiofibular syndesmosis disrupted with widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation
**tibiofibular syndesmosis intact or only partially torn
**Medial malleolus fracture
**no widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation
**Unstable: requires ORIF
**medial malleolus may be fracture
**possible instability


===Type C===
==Management & Disposition==
*fibula fx above the level of the ankle joint/proximal to plafond
{{General Fracture Management}}
**tibiofibular syndesmosis disrupted with widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation
**medial malleolus fracture
**unstable: requires ORIF


== Management ==
===General Ankle Fracture===
*Determined by stability of fracture:  
*Determined by stability of fracture:  
**Stable, nondisplaced, isolated malleolar fracture: Splint or cast, early wt bearing, RICE  
**Stable, nondisplaced, isolated malleolar fracture: Splint or cast, early wt bearing, RICE  
Línea 88: Línea 90:
**Refer to Ortho in 5-7d  
**Refer to Ortho in 5-7d  


===Lateral malleolar fracture with deltoid injury OR bimalleolar OR trimalleolar fracture ===
===Lateral malleolar fracture with deltoid injury OR bimalleolar OR trimalleolar fracture===
[[File:Bimalleolar fracture legend.jpg|thumb|Bimalleolar fracture and right ankle dislocation on X-ray (anteroposterior). Both the end of the fibula (1) and the tibia (2) are broken and the malleolar fragments (arrow: medial malleolus, arrowhead: lateral malleolus) are displaced.]]
*[[Short-Leg Posterior Splint]] (ankle at 90<sup>o</sup>)  
*[[Short-Leg Posterior Splint]] (ankle at 90<sup>o</sup>)  
*Immediate ortho consult in ED
*Immediate reduction or ortho consult in ED


==See Also==
==See Also==
Línea 96: Línea 99:
*[[Ankle Sprain]]
*[[Ankle Sprain]]
*[[Ankle Fracture (Peds)]]
*[[Ankle Fracture (Peds)]]
*[[Ottowa Ankle Rules]]
*[[Ottawa Ankle Rules]]
*[[Maisonneuve Fracture]]
*[[Maisonneuve Fracture]]
*[[Pilon Fracture]]
*[[Pilon Fracture]]
Línea 102: Línea 105:
*[[Splinting]]
*[[Splinting]]


==Source==
== Calculators ==
*Tintinalli, Uptodate, Medpix Radiology Teaching Files (Images by Dr. Timothy Sanders)
{{Ottawa_Ankle_Calculator}}
 
==External Links==
*http://radiopaedia.org/articles/weber_ankle_fracture_classification (Images by Dr. Frank Gaillard; CC SA NC BY licence)
*http://radiopaedia.org/articles/weber_ankle_fracture_classification (Images by Dr. Frank Gaillard; CC SA NC BY licence)
*Ottawa Ankle Rules - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=12595378
*Ottawa Ankle Rules - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=12595378
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Orthopedics]]
[[Category:Orthopedics]]

Revisión actual - 15:07 21 mar 2026

This page is for adult patients. For pediatric patients, see: ankle fracture (peds)

Background

Danis–Weber classification of ankle fractures (Types A, B and C).

Clinical Features

  • Examine for ecchymoses, abrasions, or swelling
  • Vascular and neurologic assessment
    • DP and PT pulses
    • 4 sensation distributions: saphenous nerve (medial mal), superficial fib (lat mal), sural nerve (lateral 5th digit), deep fib (1st web space)
  • Note skin integrity and areas of tenderness or crepitus over ankle
  • Range joint passively and actively to evaluate for stability
  • Examine joints above and below the ankle
  • Perform anterior drawer test (positive exam suggests torn ATFL)
  • Always palpate entire length of fibula to rule-out Maisonneuve Fracture (fibulotibialis ligament tear)
    • Perform a crossed-leg test to detect syndesmotic injury
  • Evaluate integrity of Achilles tendon (Thompson test)
  • Palpate midfoot and base of 5th metatarsal for tenderness

Differential Diagnosis

Other Ankle Injuries

Distal Leg Fracture Types

Foot and Toe Fracture Types

Hindfoot

Midfoot

Forefoot

Evaluation

Danis–Weber classification on X-ray.
Weber A Oblique
Weber B Oblique
Weber B AP
Weber C Oblique
Weber C AP
  • Ottawa Ankle Rules (sen 96-99% for excluding fracture)
  • 3 views:
    • AP: Best for isolated lateral and medial malleolar fractures
    • Oblique (mortise)
      • Best for evaluating for unstable fracture or soft tissue injury
      • At a point 1 cm proximal to tibial plafond space between tib/fib should be ≤6mm
    • Lateral: Best for posterior malleolar fractures
  • Consider proximal tib/fib films and talus fractures

Classification (Danis-Weber System)

WeberclassRadioped.jpg
  • System based on level of the fibular fracture and characterizes stability of fracture
  • Tibial plafond and the two malleoli is referred to as the ankle "mortise" (or talar mortise)

Type A

  • Fibula fracture below ankle joint/distal to plafond
    • Medial malleolus often fractured
    • Tibiofibular syndesmosis intact
    • Usually stable: occasionally requires ORIF

Type B

  • Fibula fracture at the level of the ankle joint/at the plafond
    • Can extend superiorly and laterally up fibula
    • Tibiofibular syndesmosis intact or only partially torn
    • No widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation
    • Medial malleolus may be fracture
    • Possible instability
      • Use gravity or weight bearing stress X-rays to determine stability [1]

Type C

  • Fibula fracture above the level of the ankle joint/proximal to plafond
    • Tibiofibular syndesmosis disrupted with widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation
    • Medial malleolus fracture
    • Unstable: requires ORIF

Management & Disposition

General Fracture Management

General Ankle Fracture

  • Determined by stability of fracture:
    • Stable, nondisplaced, isolated malleolar fracture: Splint or cast, early wt bearing, RICE
    • Unstable or displaced fracture: Requires ORIF, ortho consult, reduce and splint

Isolated lateral malleolar fracture

  • If stable (see Weber classification) treat like severe Ankle Sprain
  • Signs of instability:
    • Displacement >3mm
    • Associated medial malleolus fracture
    • Signs of medial (deltoid) ligament disruption such as medial swelling, ecchymosis, or TTP
    • Widening of medial clear space (suggests deltoid ligament injury)

Isolated medial or posterior malleolar fracture

  • Must rule-out other injuries
  • If non-displaced, isolated:

Lateral malleolar fracture with deltoid injury OR bimalleolar OR trimalleolar fracture

Bimalleolar fracture and right ankle dislocation on X-ray (anteroposterior). Both the end of the fibula (1) and the tibia (2) are broken and the malleolar fragments (arrow: medial malleolus, arrowhead: lateral malleolus) are displaced.

See Also

Calculators

Ottawa Ankle Rules

Ottawa Ankle Rule
Criteria No (0) Yes (+1)
Ankle X-ray is required if there is pain in the malleolar zone AND any of the following:
  Bone tenderness along distal 6 cm of posterior edge of tibia or tip of medial malleolus 1
  Bone tenderness along distal 6 cm of posterior edge of fibula or tip of lateral malleolus 1
  Inability to bear weight both immediately and in the ED (4 steps) 1
Foot X-ray is required if there is pain in the midfoot zone AND any of the following:
  Bone tenderness at the base of the 5th metatarsal 1
  Bone tenderness at the navicular 1
  Inability to bear weight both immediately and in the ED (4 steps) 1
Positive Criteria / 6
Interpretation
Score = 0 No X-ray needed — Sensitivity 96.4–99.6% for clinically significant fractures.
Score ≥ 1 X-ray recommended — Ankle and/or foot x-ray indicated based on positive criteria location.
References
  • Stiell IG et al. A study to develop clinical decision rules for radiography in acute ankle injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:384-390. PMID 1554175.
  • Stiell IG et al. Decision rules for radiography in acute ankle injuries: refinement and prospective validation. JAMA. 1993;269:1127-1132. PMID 8433468.

External Links

References

  1. ↑ Tips for Managing Weber B Ankle Fractures By Joseph Noack, MD; and Spencer Tomberg, MD. ACEP Now April 14, 2020 https://www.acepnow.com/article/tips-for-managing-weber-b-ankle-fractures/?singlepage=1
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