Diferencia entre revisiones de «Acute hepatic failure»
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==Background==
<languages/>
===Definitions<ref>O’Grady, JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet. July 1993, Volume 342, Issue 8866, Page 273-275</ref>===
<translate>
*Hyperacute liver failure: encephalopathy occurs within 7 days of the onset of jaundice; this subset is likely to survive with medical management despite the high incidence of cerebral edema
*Acute liver failure: interval of 8-28 days from jaundice to encephalopathy; this subset has a high incidence of cerebral edema and a poorer prognosis without liver transplant
*Subacute liver failure: interval of 5-12 weeks from the onset of jaundice to the onset of encephalopathy; this subset has a lower incidence of cerebral edema, but a poor prognosis


===Causes===
==Background== <!--T:1-->
*[[Acetaminophen toxicity]] (most common cause of acute liver failure in the US<ref>Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiodt FV, et al. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Dec 17; 137(12): 947-54.</ref>)


====[[Viral Hepatitis]]====
<!--T:2-->
*Hepatocellular pattern of injury, where AST and ALT are higher than Tbili and Alk Phos; likely to have significantly elevated ALT and AST (20x normal or higher)
[[File:Liver vascular anatomy.png|thumb|Liver vascular anatomy.]]
*Of note, transmission of [[Hepatitis B]] and [[Hepatitis C]] through donated blood, blood products, and organs is rare in the US since blood screening became available in 1992
*[[Hepatitis A]]
**Fecal-oral transmission
**Associated with epidemics linked to a common source (water)
**Most common risk factor is travel outside of the US <ref>Oyama, LC: Disorders of the Liver and Biliary Tractin Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 8. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2014, (Ch) 107: p 1186-1204.</ref>
**Not associated with chronic carrier state; incubation period is approximately 30 days, and infectivity usually resolved prior to symptom onset
*[[Hepatitis B]]
**Transmitted parenterally, blood contact, and unprotected sex
**90% of exposed infants progress to chronic hepatitis; 10% of exposed adults progress to chronic hepatitis
**Serology<ref> www.cdc.gov/hepatitis </ref>
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Clinical Scenario'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''HBsAg'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''anti-HBc'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''anti-HBs'''
|-
| Susceptible to infection||negative||negative||negative
|-
| Immune due to natural infection||negative||positive||positive
|-
| Immune due to Hep B infection||negative||negative||positive
|-
| Acutely infected||positive||anti-HBc- positive;        IgM anti-HBc- positive||negative
|-
| Chronically infected||positive||anti-HBc- positive;      IgM anti-HBc- negative||negative
|}
*[[Hepatitis C]]
**Blood-borne, in US, most commonly transmitted through [[IV drug use]]. Infrequently transmitted through sexual contact
**90% of HCV infections progress to chronic hepatitis<ref>Oyama, LC: Disorders of the Liver and Biliary Tractin Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 8. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2014, (Ch) 107: p 1186-1204</ref>
*[[Hepatitis D]]
**Transmission similar to Hepatitis B
**Can only co-infect patients with Hepatitis B (actively producing HBsAg)
**Presentation can range from acute self-limited disease to fulminant hepatitis or chronic infection
*[[Hepatitis E]]
**Fecal-oral transmission
**Usually results in mild illness, but can cause fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women<ref>Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, Wittenborn JS, Wiersma ST. The Global Burden of Hepatitis E Virus Genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology, Vol. 55, No. 4, 2012: 988-997</ref>


====Alcohol-related Liver Disease and [[Alcoholic hepatitis]]====
===Definitions=== <!--T:3-->
*Presentation can range from mild abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting to acute liver failure
*May have large palpable liver from fatty infiltration, or may have small nonpalpable liver secondary to cirrhosis from chronic disease
*Will have moderate elevations in AST and ALT (levels >10x normal are unusual)
**AST:ALT ration >2 is typical
*May also have electrolyte abnormalities from malnutrition or [[alcoholic ketoacidosis]]


====Drug or Toxin Related Liver Disease====
<!--T:4-->
*Liver damage from drugs or toxins may be cytotoxic from the primary drug or its metabolites, or may be caused by veno-occlusive disease or hypersensitivity disease<ref>Oyama, LC: Disorders of the Liver and Biliary Tractin Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 8. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2014, (Ch) 107: p 1186-1204</ref>
*Hyperacute liver failure: encephalopathy occurs within 7 days of the onset of jaundice; this subset is likely to survive with medical management despite the high incidence of cerebral edema<ref>O’Grady, JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet. July 1993, Volume 342, Issue 8866, Page 273-275</ref>
*Common Drugs and Toxins
*Acute liver failure: interval of 8-28 days from jaundice to encephalopathy; this subset has a high incidence of cerebral edema and a poorer prognosis without liver transplant<ref>O’Grady, JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet. July 1993, Volume 342, Issue 8866, Page 273-275</ref>
**[[Acetaminophen]]
*Subacute liver failure: interval of 5-12 weeks from the onset of jaundice to the onset of encephalopathy; this subset has a lower incidence of cerebral edema, but a poor prognosis<ref>O’Grady, JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet. July 1993, Volume 342, Issue 8866, Page 273-275</ref>
**[[Amiodarone]]
**[[Amphotericin]]
**Anabolic steroids
**[[Azathioprine]]
**[[Carbamazepine]]
**[[Chlorpromazine]]
**Cisplatin
**Contraceptives
**[[Cyclophosphamide]]
**[[Erythromycin]]
**Gold salts
**[[Haloperidol]]
**[[Isoniazid]]
**[[Ketoconazole]]
**Lovastatin
**[[Methotrexate]]
**Methoxyflurane
**Methyldopa
**[[Phenobarbital]]
**[[Phenytoin]]
**[[Quinidine]]
**[[Salicylates]]
**[[Tetracycline]]
**[[Valproic acid]]
**[[Verapamil]]


===Other Rare Causes of Acute Liver Failure===
</translate>
*'''[[Wilson's disease]]''': unexplained elevations in LFTs, neuro-psychiatric symptoms, Kayser-Fleischer rings on eye exam
{{Acute hepatitis causes}}
*'''[[Autoimmune hepatitis]]''': more common in women, liver disease without explanation, may have family history of other autoimmune disorders
<translate>
*'''[[Hemochromatosis]]''': family history of liver disease and cardiac disease
</translate>
*'''[[Budd-Chiari]]''': history of hypercoagulable disorder, abdominal pain, and ascites
{{Drug or Toxin Related Liver Disease}}
*'''Infections''': [[HSV]], [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[varicella zoster virus]], [[toxoplasmosis]]
<translate>


==Clinical Features==
 
===Other Rare Causes of Acute Liver Failure=== <!--T:5-->
 
<!--T:6-->
*'''[[Special:MyLanguage/Wilson's disease|Wilson's disease]]''': unexplained elevations in LFTs, neuro-psychiatric symptoms, Kayser-Fleischer rings on eye exam
*'''[[Special:MyLanguage/Autoimmune hepatitis|Autoimmune hepatitis]]''': more common in women, liver disease without explanation, may have family history of other autoimmune disorders
*'''[[Special:MyLanguage/Hemochromatosis|Hemochromatosis]]''': family history of liver disease and cardiac disease
*'''[[Special:MyLanguage/Budd-Chiari|Budd-Chiari]]''': history of hypercoagulable disorder, abdominal pain, and ascites
 
 
==Clinical Features== <!--T:7-->
 
<!--T:8-->
[[File:Jaundice08.jpg|thumb|Jaundice of the skin]]
[[File:Jaundice08.jpg|thumb|Jaundice of the skin]]
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb||Ascites secondary to [[cirrhosis]].]]
[[File:SpiderAngioma.jpg|thumb|Spider angioma]]
[[File:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb||Ascites secondary to [[Special:MyLanguage/cirrhosis|cirrhosis]].]]
[[File:Jaundice.jpg|thumb|Pediatric jaundice with icterus of sclera.]]
[[File:Jaundice.jpg|thumb|Pediatric jaundice with icterus of sclera.]]
*Common findings in acute liver failure
*Common findings in acute liver failure
**Tender [[hepatomegaly]]
**Tender [[Special:MyLanguage/hepatomegaly|hepatomegaly]]
**[[Jaundice]]
**[[Special:MyLanguage/Jaundice|Jaundice]]
**[[Hepatic encephalopathy]]
**[[Special:MyLanguage/Hepatic encephalopathy|Hepatic encephalopathy]]
**Asterixis
**Asterixis
*Common findings in chronic liver failure
*Common findings in chronic liver failure
**[[Ascites]]
**[[Special:MyLanguage/Ascites|Ascites]]
**Caput medusae
**Caput medusae
**Palmar erythema
**Palmar erythema
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**Parotid gland enlargement
**Parotid gland enlargement
**Muscular atrophy
**Muscular atrophy
**May also have [[jaundice]], [[hepatic encephalopathy|encephalopathy]], and asterixis as in acute liver failure
**May also have [[Special:MyLanguage/jaundice|jaundice]], [[Special:MyLanguage/hepatic encephalopathy|encephalopathy]], and asterixis as in acute liver failure
 
 
==Differential Diagnosis== <!--T:9-->
 
 
===[[Special:MyLanguage/Encephalopathy|Encephalopathy]] (altered mental status)=== <!--T:10-->
 
<!--T:11-->
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Hypoglycemia|Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Hypoxia|Hypoxia]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Intracerebral hemorrhage|Intracerebral hemorrhage]] or mass
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Meningitis|Meningitis]]/[[Special:MyLanguage/encephalitis|encephalitis]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/CVA|CVA]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Alcohol intoxication|Alcohol intoxication]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Myxedema coma|Myxedema coma]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Wernicke encephalopathy|Wernicke encephalopathy]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Sepsis|Sepsis]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Seizure|Seizure]]/post-ictal state
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Uremia|Uremia]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Electrolyte abnormality|Electrolyte abnormality]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Acute hepatic failure|Acute hepatic failure]]
 
 
===[[Special:MyLanguage/Jaundice|Jaundice]]=== <!--T:12-->
 
<!--T:13-->
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Hepatic dysfunction|Hepatic dysfunction]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Biliary disease|Biliary disease]] (e.g. [[Special:MyLanguage/Choledocholithiasis|CBD obstruction]])
*[[Special:MyLanguage/hemolytic anemia|Hemolysis]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Pregnancy|Pregnancy]]
*Congenital diseases (e.g. [[Special:MyLanguage/inborn errors of metabolism|inborn errors of metabolism]]; (more likely to present in early childhood)
 
</translate>
{{Hepatomegaly DDX}}
<translate>
 
 
==Evaluation== <!--T:14-->


==Differential Diagnosis==
===[[Encephalopathy]] (altered mental status)===
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Intracerebral hemorrhage]] or mass
*[[Meningitis]]/[[encephalitis]]
*[[CVA]]
*[[Alcohol intoxication]]
*[[Myxedema coma]]
*[[Wernicke encephalopathy]]
*[[Sepsis]]
*[[Seizure]]/post-ictal state
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Electrolyte abnormality]]
*[[Acute hepatic failure]]


===[[Jaundice]]===
===Labs=== <!--T:15-->
*[[Hepatitis]]
*[[hemolytic anemia|Hemolysis]]
*[[Biliary disease]] (e.g. [[Choledocholithiasis|CBD obstruction]])
*[[Pregnancy]]
*Congenital diseases (e.g. [[inborn errors of metabolism]]; (more likely to present in early childhood)


==Evaluation==
<!--T:16-->
===Labs===
*[[Special:MyLanguage/LFTs|LFTs]]
*[[LFTs]]
**AST and ALT
**AST and ALT
***Enzymes found mainly in hepatic cells, though ALT is more specific to the liver than AST
***Enzymes found mainly in hepatic cells, though ALT is more specific to the liver than AST
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**Need to check a glucose because patients with liver failure are prone to hypoglycemia
**Need to check a glucose because patients with liver failure are prone to hypoglycemia
*CBC
*CBC
**Not useful in diagnosing the cause of liver failure, but helpful in determining coexisting [[infection]], [[anemia]], [[thrombocytopenia]]
**Not useful in diagnosing the cause of liver failure, but helpful in determining coexisting [[Special:MyLanguage/infection|infection]], [[Special:MyLanguage/anemia|anemia]], [[Special:MyLanguage/thrombocytopenia|thrombocytopenia]]
*[[Viral hepatitis]] Serologies
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Viral hepatitis|Viral hepatitis]] Serologies
**Consider for all patients with undifferentiated liver failure
**Consider for all patients with undifferentiated liver failure
**IgM anti-HBc may be the only positive marker in acute Hepatitis B infection
**IgM anti-HBc may be the only positive marker in acute Hepatitis B infection
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**Only need to test for IgM anti-HEV in patients who are symptomatic and have just travelled from areas where Hepatitis E is endemic
**Only need to test for IgM anti-HEV in patients who are symptomatic and have just travelled from areas where Hepatitis E is endemic


===Imaging===
 
*Consider [[RUQ US]] or CT in patients with jaundice to evaluate for a mechanical obstruction
===Imaging=== <!--T:17-->
 
<!--T:18-->
*Consider [[Special:MyLanguage/RUQ US|RUQ US]] or CT in patients with jaundice to evaluate for a mechanical obstruction
*Otherwise, tailor imaging towards specific complaints
*Otherwise, tailor imaging towards specific complaints


</translate>
{{Ascites Evaluation}}
{{Ascites Evaluation}}
<translate>


==Management==
 
==Management== <!--T:19-->
 
<!--T:20-->
*Treatment is mostly supportive and tailored towards the specific etiology
*Treatment is mostly supportive and tailored towards the specific etiology
*Early consideration regarding transporting patient to a transplant center given potential for rapid deterioration
*Early consideration regarding transporting patient to a transplant center given potential for rapid deterioration
*Symptom specific supportive treatment options
*Symptom specific supportive treatment options
**[[Hepatic encephalopathy|Encephalopathy]]: consider [[lactulose]] of [[neomycin]]
**[[Special:MyLanguage/Hepatic encephalopathy|Encephalopathy]]: consider [[Special:MyLanguage/lactulose|lactulose]] of [[Special:MyLanguage/neomycin|neomycin]]
**[[Seizures]]: consider [[phenytoin]] over [[benzodiazepines]] (prevent benzodiazepine oversedation secondary to decreased hepatic clearance)
**[[Special:MyLanguage/Seizures|Seizures]]: consider [[Special:MyLanguage/phenytoin|phenytoin]] over [[Special:MyLanguage/benzodiazepines|benzodiazepines]] (prevent benzodiazepine oversedation secondary to decreased hepatic clearance)
**[[Increased ICP|Intracranial Hypertension]]: elevated head of bed, [[mannitol]], short-term hyperventilation; hypothermia may be a bridge to transplant; no benefit from steroids
**[[Special:MyLanguage/Increased ICP|Intracranial Hypertension]]: elevated head of bed, [[Special:MyLanguage/mannitol|mannitol]], short-term hyperventilation; hypothermia may be a bridge to transplant; no benefit from steroids
**[[liver disease induced coagulopathy|Coagulopathy]]
**[[Special:MyLanguage/liver disease induced coagulopathy|Coagulopathy]]
***Prophylactic normalization of the INR is not necessary unless procedure (such as paracentesis) is planned; then can give [[Vitamin K]]
***Prophylactic normalization of the INR is not necessary unless procedure (such as paracentesis) is planned; then can give [[Special:MyLanguage/Vitamin K|Vitamin K]]
***Recommend [[platelet transfusion]] to 10K for asymptomatic patients, and to 50-70K for patients undergoing invasive procedures
***Recommend [[Special:MyLanguage/platelet transfusion|platelet transfusion]] to 10K for asymptomatic patients, and to 50-70K for patients undergoing invasive procedures
**See [[Acetaminophen toxicity]] for specifics regarding treatment of acetaminophen toxicity
**See [[Special:MyLanguage/Acetaminophen toxicity|Acetaminophen toxicity]] for specifics regarding treatment of acetaminophen toxicity
**See [[Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis]] for specifics regarding diagnosis and treatment of SBP
**See [[Special:MyLanguage/Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis|Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis]] for specifics regarding diagnosis and treatment of SBP


==Disposition==
 
==Disposition== <!--T:21-->
 
<!--T:22-->
*Admission to ICU with early consideration for transportation to transplant center
*Admission to ICU with early consideration for transportation to transplant center


==See Also==
*[[Jaundice]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]


==References==
==See Also== <!--T:23-->
 
<!--T:24-->
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Jaundice|Jaundice]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Cirrhosis|Cirrhosis]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Acute hepatitis|Acute hepatitis]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Hepatic encephalopathy|Hepatic encephalopathy]]
 
 
==References== <!--T:25-->
 
<!--T:26-->
<references/>
<references/>


<!--T:27-->
[[Category:GI]]
[[Category:GI]]
</translate>

Revisión actual - 17:02 6 ene 2026

Otros idiomas:

Background

Liver vascular anatomy.

Definitions

  • Hyperacute liver failure: encephalopathy occurs within 7 days of the onset of jaundice; this subset is likely to survive with medical management despite the high incidence of cerebral edema[1]
  • Acute liver failure: interval of 8-28 days from jaundice to encephalopathy; this subset has a high incidence of cerebral edema and a poorer prognosis without liver transplant[2]
  • Subacute liver failure: interval of 5-12 weeks from the onset of jaundice to the onset of encephalopathy; this subset has a lower incidence of cerebral edema, but a poor prognosis[3]

Causes of acute hepatitis

Drug or Toxin Related Liver Disease


Other Rare Causes of Acute Liver Failure

  • Wilson's disease: unexplained elevations in LFTs, neuro-psychiatric symptoms, Kayser-Fleischer rings on eye exam
  • Autoimmune hepatitis: more common in women, liver disease without explanation, may have family history of other autoimmune disorders
  • Hemochromatosis: family history of liver disease and cardiac disease
  • Budd-Chiari: history of hypercoagulable disorder, abdominal pain, and ascites


Clinical Features

Jaundice of the skin
Spider angioma
Ascites secondary to cirrhosis.
Pediatric jaundice with icterus of sclera.


Differential Diagnosis

Encephalopathy (altered mental status)


Jaundice

Hepatic Dysfunction

Infectious

Neoplastic

Metabolic

Biliary

  • Biliary cirrhosis

Drugs

Miscellaneous


Evaluation

Labs

  • LFTs
    • AST and ALT
      • Enzymes found mainly in hepatic cells, though ALT is more specific to the liver than AST
      • Extreme elevation in AST (>3000U/L, or >40x upper limit of normal) is consistent with acetaminophen toxicity or ischemic injury
      • Moderate elevations (10-40x upper limit of normal) is consistent with viral hepatitis
      • Mild elevations (<10x upper limit of normal) is consistent with alcoholic hepatitis
    • Alkaline Phosphatase
      • Found in bile canaliculi (but also in placenta, ileal mucosa, bone, and kidney)
      • Elevated in diseases of cholestasis
      • Rare for levels to be >3x normal limit in acute liver failure
    • Bilirubin
      • Elevated in diseases of cholestasis
      • In obstructive diseases, the direct bilirubin will usually be about 50% of the total bilirubin; if indirect bilirubin is higher, more suggestive of hemolysis or problem with conjugation
  • Coagulation Studies
    • Reflects the liver’s ability to synthesize clotting factors
    • INR >6.5 or PT >20 seconds indicates patients at high risk for death
  • Albumin
    • Reflects synthetic function of the liver
    • Has a long half-life (20 days) and may not be decreased early in disease
  • Ammonia
    • Elevated as a result of impaired clearance
    • Poor correlation between degree of elevation and severity of encephalopathy symptoms
  • Chemistry Panel
    • Electrolyte abnormalities may indicate malnutrition or dehydration
    • Creatinine is used as a prognostic indicator
    • Need to check a glucose because patients with liver failure are prone to hypoglycemia
  • CBC
  • Viral hepatitis Serologies
    • Consider for all patients with undifferentiated liver failure
    • IgM anti-HBc may be the only positive marker in acute Hepatitis B infection
    • Anti-HCV and HCV RNA are present in both chronic and acute Hepatitis C infections, so it is difficult to differentiate based on serologies, but presence of HCV RNA in the absence of anti-HCV is more suggestive of acute infection[7]
    • Only need to test for IgM anti-HEV in patients who are symptomatic and have just travelled from areas where Hepatitis E is endemic


Imaging

  • Consider RUQ US or CT in patients with jaundice to evaluate for a mechanical obstruction
  • Otherwise, tailor imaging towards specific complaints

Ascites Diagnosis

The differential diagnosis of ascites is often clarified by the calculation of the serum albumin to ascites gradient (SAAG).^

^SAAG = (serum albumin in g/dL) − (ascitic albumin in g/dL)


Management

  • Treatment is mostly supportive and tailored towards the specific etiology
  • Early consideration regarding transporting patient to a transplant center given potential for rapid deterioration
  • Symptom specific supportive treatment options


Disposition

  • Admission to ICU with early consideration for transportation to transplant center


See Also


References

  1. ↑ O’Grady, JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet. July 1993, Volume 342, Issue 8866, Page 273-275
  2. ↑ O’Grady, JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet. July 1993, Volume 342, Issue 8866, Page 273-275
  3. ↑ O’Grady, JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet. July 1993, Volume 342, Issue 8866, Page 273-275
  4. ↑ Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiodt FV, et al. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Dec 17; 137(12): 947-54.
  5. ↑ Oyama, LC: Disorders of the Liver and Biliary Tractin Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 8. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2014, (Ch) 107: p 1186-1204
  6. ↑ Tintanelli's
  7. ↑ Bailey, C, Hern HG. Hepatic Failure: An Evidence-Based Approach In The Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine Practice. Vol. 12, No. 4, 2014.
  8. ↑ Runyon BA. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: update 2012. Amer Assoc Study Liv Dis. 2012; 1-96.
  9. ↑ Runyon BA. Cardiac ascites: a characterization. J Clin Gastro. 1998; 10(4): 410-412.
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