Diferencia entre revisiones de «Dystonic reaction»

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==Background==
==Background==
*Adverse extrapyramidal effect shortly after initiation of new drugs <ref>van Harten PN, Hoek HW, Kahn RS. Acute dystonia induced by drug treatment. BMJ. 1999 Sep 4;319(7210):623-6. PMID 10473482</ref><ref>Jitprapaikulsan J, Srivanitchapoom P. Acute Dystonic Reaction Following General Anesthetic Agent Use. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2017;7:514. PMID 29204316</ref>
**intermittent spasmodic or sustained involuntary contractions of muscles
*Rarely life threatening but patient is in distress from pain and discomfort
*Men > Women
*Dystonia is idiosyncratic (not dose-related)


===Predisposing Factors===
*Young age
*Family history of dystonic reaction
*History of EtOH or drug use
*Associated with administration of [[antiemetics]] or [[antipsychotic]] medications (in 10-60% of treated patients)
*25% of patients treated with [[haloperidol]] have been known to develop this reaction
*Reaction usually occurs within 48 hrs of drug treatment but can occur up to 5 days after starting therapy
*Severity and onset of reaction depends on an individual, no association with dose, drug type, potency of drug, or duration of treatment


===Medications Associated with Dystonic Reaction===
 
*[[Amitriptyline]]
* adverse extrapyramidal effect (intermittent spasmodic or sustained involuntary contractions of muscles) that occurs shortly after initiation of new drugs
*Amoxapine
* rarely life threatening but patient is in distress from pain and discomfort
*Azatadine
* men are affected more frequently than women
*[[Bupropion]]
* predisposing factors:
*[[Chlorpromazine]]
* young age
*Chlorprothixene
* family history of dystonic reaction
*[[Cimetidine]]
* history of EtOH or drug use
*Cisapride
* associated with administration of antiemetics or antipsychotic medications
*[[Cocaine]]
* 25% of patients treated with Haldol have been known to develop this reaction
*Clomipramine
* reaction usually occurs within 48 hrs of drug treatment but can occur up to 5 days after starting therapy
*[[Clozapine]]
* severity and onset of reaction depends on an individual, no association with dose, drug type, potency of drug, or duration of treatment
*Cyclizine
* many theories on what causes the reaction
*[[Dextromethorphan]]
* direct blockade of central dopaminergic receptors
*[[Diazepam]]
* imbalance of neurotransmitters (dopamine and acetylcholine) causing excessive cholinergic activity
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
* combination of dopamine blockade initially by the offending agent and later dopamine activation in nigrostriatal system
*[[Doxepin]]
*[[Etomidate]]
 
*[[Fluoxetine]]
*Fluphenazine
 
*Fluvoxamine
==Diagnosis==
*[[Haloperidol]]
 
*Imipramine
 
*[[Ketamine]]
* History of recent drug exposure or increase in drug dosage
*Lozapine
* Thorough drug history (prescription, over the counter, herbals, illegal)
*Mesoridazine
* Physical exam is usually normal except for dystonia of any striated muscle group. Some common presentations include:
*[[Methohexital]]
* torticollar reaction
*[[Metoclopramide]]
* buccolingual reaction
*[[Olanzapine]]
* oculogyric crisis
*Paroxetine
* oromandibular dystonia
*Perphenazine
* lingual dystonia
*Phenelzine
* kyphosis/lordosis/scoliosis
*[[Phenytoin]]
* trismus
*Pimozide
* facial grimacing
*[[Prochlorperazine]]
* tortipelvic crisis
*Promazine
==Medications Associated with Dystonic Reaction==
*[[Promethazine]]
 
*[[Propofol]]
 
*[[Quetiapine]]
 
*[[Ranitidine]]
 
*[[Risperidone]]
* Amitriptyline
*Sertraline
* Amoxaine
*Thiethylperazine
* Azatadine
*[[Thiopental]]
* Buproprion
*Thioridazine
* Chlorpromazine
*Thiothixene
* Chlorprothixene
*Tigabine
* Cimetiddine
*Tranylcypromine
* Cisapride
*Trifluoperazine
* Cocaine
*Triflupromazine
* Clomipramine
* Clozapine
* Cyclizine
* Dexgtromethorphan
* Diazepam
* Diphenhydramine
* Doxepin
* Etomidate
* Fluoxetine
* Fluphenazine
* Fluvoxamine
* Haloperidol
* Imipramine
* Ketamine
* Lozapine
* Mesoridazine
* Methohexital
* Metoclopraminde
* Olanzpine
* Paroxetine
* Perphenazine
* Phenelzine
* Pheyntoin
* Pimozide
* Prochlorperazine
* Promazine
* Promethazine
* Propofol
* Quietiapine
* ranitidine
* Risperidone
* Sertraline
* Thiethylperazine
* Thiopental
* Thioridazine
* Thiothixene
* Tigabine
* tranylcypromine
* Trifluoperazine
* Triflupromazine
 
==Work-Up==
 
 
* consider Utox if no offending agent given by history
==DDx==
 
 
 
* tetanus
* hysterical conversion disorder
* dislocation of mandible
* electrolyte abnormality (Calcium, magnesium)
* meningitis
* seizure disorder
* strychnine poisoning
* akathisia
* stroke
* drug toxicity (anticholinergic, phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine)
 
==Treatment==
 
 
* Anticholinergic medication:
* Diphenhydramine: 50-100mg over 2 minutes
* Benztropine: 1-2 mg in adults over 2 minutes
* Biperiden
* Trihexyphenidyl 2mg PO BID
* IV > IM > PO
* symptoms will typically begin resolving in 2-15 minutes  but may take up to 90 minutes to completely abate (depends on route in which medication was given)
* patients may require more than one dose of IV medication before symptoms resolve completely
* Benzodiazepines
* Airway Management
* rare, but may be indicated in patients with severe respiratory distress from laryngeal or pharyngeal dystoni
==Disposition==
 
 
 
* stop the offending agent (if antipsychotic, speak with patients psychiatrist before just stopping the medication)
* continue to treat with PO anticholinergic to prevent relapse of symptoms
* Diphenhydramine: 12.5-50mg PO TID-QID
* Benztropine: 1-2mg PO BID
 
==Source==


==Clinical Features==
[[File:Dystonia2010.jpg|thumb|Medication-induced dystonia.]]
*History of recent drug exposure or increase in drug dosage (e.g. prescription, over the counter, herbals, illegal)
*Dystonia of any striated muscle group:
**[[Torticollar reaction]] -> twisted neck or facial muscle spasm
**Buccolingual reaction -> protruding or pulling sensation of the tongue
**Oculogyric crisis -> roving or deviated gaze
**Promandibular dystonia
**Lingual dystonia
**Opisthotonic -> severe hyperextension of entire spinal column
**Kyphosis/lordosis/scoliosis
**Trismus
**Facial grimacing
**Tortipelvic crisis -> abdominal rigidity and pain


Adapted from Harwood-Nuss
==Differential Diagnosis==
{{Movement disorder DDX}}
{{Jaw spasms DDX}}
{{Neck pain DDX}}


emedicine
==Evaluation==
*Normally a clinical diagnosis
*Consider [[urine toxicology]] if no offending agent given by history
*More chronic neurologic side effects of phenothiazines (akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism) don't usually respond as dramatically to treatment as does acute dystonia


==Management==
*[[Anticholinergic]] medication:
**[[Benztropine]]: 1-2mg in adults over 2 minutes
**[[Diphenhydramine]]: 25-50mg over 2 minutes
**[[Biperiden]]
**[[Trihexyphenidyl]] 2mg PO BID
**IV > IM > PO
**Symptoms will typically begin resolving in 2-15 minutes but may take up to 90 minutes to completely abate (depends on route in which medication was given)
**Patients may require more than one dose of IV medication before symptoms resolve completely
*[[Benzodiazepines]]
*Airway Management
**Rare, but may be indicated in patients with severe respiratory distress from laryngeal or pharyngeal dystonia


==Disposition==
*Stop the offending agent (if antipsychotic, speak with patients psychiatrist before just stopping the medication)
*Continue to treat with PO anticholinergic to prevent relapse of symptoms (if the culprit is long acting)
**[[Benztropine]]: 1-2mg PO BID during 2-3 days
**[[Diphenhydramine]]: 25mg PO QID for 24-72 hours


==Medication Dosing==
{{MedicationDose
| drug = Benztropine
| dose = 1-2mg IV over 2 min
| route = IV
| context = Anticholinergic, first-line
| indication = Dystonic reaction
| population = Adult
}}
{{MedicationDose
| drug = Diphenhydramine
| dose = 25-50mg IV over 2 min
| route = IV
| context = Anticholinergic, first-line
| indication = Dystonic reaction
| population = Adult
}}


==See Also==
*[[Torticollis]]
*[[Extrapyramidal reaction]]


==References==
<references/>
*Hockberger RS, Richards JR: Thought Disorders; in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 8. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2014, (Ch) 110: p 1460-1466.


[[Category:Tox]]
[[Category:ENT]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Toxicology]]

Revisión actual - 10:44 22 mar 2026

Background

  • Adverse extrapyramidal effect shortly after initiation of new drugs [1][2]
    • intermittent spasmodic or sustained involuntary contractions of muscles
  • Rarely life threatening but patient is in distress from pain and discomfort
  • Men > Women
  • Dystonia is idiosyncratic (not dose-related)

Predisposing Factors

  • Young age
  • Family history of dystonic reaction
  • History of EtOH or drug use
  • Associated with administration of antiemetics or antipsychotic medications (in 10-60% of treated patients)
  • 25% of patients treated with haloperidol have been known to develop this reaction
  • Reaction usually occurs within 48 hrs of drug treatment but can occur up to 5 days after starting therapy
  • Severity and onset of reaction depends on an individual, no association with dose, drug type, potency of drug, or duration of treatment

Medications Associated with Dystonic Reaction

Clinical Features

Medication-induced dystonia.
  • History of recent drug exposure or increase in drug dosage (e.g. prescription, over the counter, herbals, illegal)
  • Dystonia of any striated muscle group:
    • Torticollar reaction -> twisted neck or facial muscle spasm
    • Buccolingual reaction -> protruding or pulling sensation of the tongue
    • Oculogyric crisis -> roving or deviated gaze
    • Promandibular dystonia
    • Lingual dystonia
    • Opisthotonic -> severe hyperextension of entire spinal column
    • Kyphosis/lordosis/scoliosis
    • Trismus
    • Facial grimacing
    • Tortipelvic crisis -> abdominal rigidity and pain

Differential Diagnosis

Movement Disorders and Other Abnormal Contractions

Jaw Spasms

Neck pain

Evaluation

  • Normally a clinical diagnosis
  • Consider urine toxicology if no offending agent given by history
  • More chronic neurologic side effects of phenothiazines (akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism) don't usually respond as dramatically to treatment as does acute dystonia

Management

  • Anticholinergic medication:
    • Benztropine: 1-2mg in adults over 2 minutes
    • Diphenhydramine: 25-50mg over 2 minutes
    • Biperiden
    • Trihexyphenidyl 2mg PO BID
    • IV > IM > PO
    • Symptoms will typically begin resolving in 2-15 minutes but may take up to 90 minutes to completely abate (depends on route in which medication was given)
    • Patients may require more than one dose of IV medication before symptoms resolve completely
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Airway Management
    • Rare, but may be indicated in patients with severe respiratory distress from laryngeal or pharyngeal dystonia

Disposition

  • Stop the offending agent (if antipsychotic, speak with patients psychiatrist before just stopping the medication)
  • Continue to treat with PO anticholinergic to prevent relapse of symptoms (if the culprit is long acting)

Medication Dosing

Benztropine 1-2mg IV over 2 min IV Diphenhydramine 25-50mg IV over 2 min IV

See Also

References

  1. ↑ van Harten PN, Hoek HW, Kahn RS. Acute dystonia induced by drug treatment. BMJ. 1999 Sep 4;319(7210):623-6. PMID 10473482
  2. ↑ Jitprapaikulsan J, Srivanitchapoom P. Acute Dystonic Reaction Following General Anesthetic Agent Use. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2017;7:514. PMID 29204316
  • Hockberger RS, Richards JR: Thought Disorders; in Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al (eds): Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, ed 8. St. Louis, Mosby, Inc., 2014, (Ch) 110: p 1460-1466.
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