Acid-base disorders - Revision history

Rossdonaldson1: /* See Also */

2026-04-15T20:52:04Z

Rossdonaldson1: Reverted edits by Danbot (talk) to last revision by ClaireLewis

2026-04-15T20:51:30Z

Reverted edits by Danbot (talk) to last revision by ClaireLewis

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 20:51 15 abr 2026
Línea 1:		Línea 1:
	==Background==		==Background==
	Determiners of acid-base status are:		Determiners of acid-base status are:
	*CO2		*'''CO2'''
	*Weak acids (primarily albumin)		*'''Weak acids (primarily albumin)'''
	**If albumin goes up more acidotic (since albumin is an acid)		**If albumin goes up more acidotic (since albumin is an acid)
	*Strong ions		*'''Strong ions'''
	**Primarily Na-Cl		**Primarily Na-Cl
	**Normal difference is ~38 (140-102)		**Normal difference is ~38 (140-102)
Línea 48:		Línea 48:
	===Calculate Strong Ion Difference (SID)===		===Calculate Strong Ion Difference (SID)===
	''SID = Na - Cl''		''SID = Na - Cl''
	*Low SID is <38 and indicates a strong ion acidosis = hyperchloremic acidosis = non-gap acidosis and causes include		*'''Low SID is <38 and indicates a strong ion acidosis = hyperchloremic acidosis = non-gap acidosis and causes include'''
	**[[IVF\|Fluid administration]]		**[[IVF\|Fluid administration]]
	***Any fluid that has SID of <24 can cause acidosis (e.g. [[NS]], 1/2NS, D5W)		***Any fluid that has SID of <24 can cause acidosis (e.g. [[NS]], 1/2NS, D5W)
Línea 57:		Línea 57:
	**#Type IV: [[hyperkalemia\|Hyperkalemic]]; from aldosterone deficiency, diabetes		**#Type IV: [[hyperkalemia\|Hyperkalemic]]; from aldosterone deficiency, diabetes
	**[[Diarrhea]]		**[[Diarrhea]]
	*High SID is >38 and indicates a metabolic alkalosis and causes include:		*'''High SID is >38 and indicates a metabolic alkalosis and causes include:'''
	**Nasogastric suction		**Nasogastric suction
	**[[Diuretics]]		**[[Diuretics]]
Línea 68:		Línea 68:
	*Always consider the differential for a [[Lactic Acidosis (Lactate)]]		*Always consider the differential for a [[Lactic Acidosis (Lactate)]]
	*Calculate the strong ion gap (SIG) to explain the base deficit		*Calculate the strong ion gap (SIG) to explain the base deficit
	*SIG = (Base Deficit) + (SID – 38) + 2.5 (4.2 ‐ Albumin (g/dL)) – lactate		*'''SIG = (Base Deficit) + (SID – 38) + 2.5 (4.2 ‐ Albumin (g/dL)) – lactate'''
	*If SIG >2 this is a SIG metabolic acidosis = anion gap acidosis and the causes include:		*If SIG >2 this is a SIG metabolic acidosis = anion gap acidosis and the causes include:
	**Uremia		**Uremia
Línea 148:		Línea 148:

	==Determinants of compensation==		==Determinants of compensation==
	Metabolic acidosis:		'''Metabolic acidosis:'''
	*PaCO2 = 1.5 (HCO3) + 8 ± 2		*PaCO2 = 1.5 (HCO3) + 8 ± 2
	*PaCO2 = last two digits of pH		*PaCO2 = last two digits of pH
	*PaCO2= ↓ 1.0–1.5per ↓ 1mEq/L HCO3		*PaCO2= ↓ 1.0–1.5per ↓ 1mEq/L HCO3
	Metabolic alkalosis		'''Metabolic alkalosis'''
	*PaCO2 = 0.9 (HCO3) + 9		*PaCO2 = 0.9 (HCO3) + 9
	*PaCO2= ↑ 0.5–1.0 mm per ↑ 1mEq/L HCO3		*PaCO2= ↑ 0.5–1.0 mm per ↑ 1mEq/L HCO3
	Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis (acute acid-base changes based on PCO2 and HCO3):		'''Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis (acute acid-base changes based on PCO2 and HCO3):'''
	*∆H+=0.8 (∆PaCO2)		*∆H+=0.8 (∆PaCO2)
	*For every ↑ or ↓ of PCO2 by 1 the pH changes by 0.008		*For every ↑ or ↓ of PCO2 by 1 the pH changes by 0.008
	*For every ↑ or ↓ of HCO3 by 1 the pH changes by 0.015		*For every ↑ or ↓ of HCO3 by 1 the pH changes by 0.015
	Estimate of baseline PCO2 in patients with Acute Respiratory Acidosis:		'''Estimate of baseline PCO2 in patients with Acute Respiratory Acidosis:'''
	*Estimated baseline PCO2 = 2.4 (admission measured HCO3 – 22)		*Estimated baseline PCO2 = 2.4 (admission measured HCO3 – 22)
	Chronic respiratory acidosis<ref>Brandis K. Anesthesia MCQ. Rules for Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders. http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab9_3.php</ref>		'''Chronic respiratory acidosis'''<ref>Brandis K. Anesthesia MCQ. Rules for Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders. http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab9_3.php</ref>
	*HCO3 increases by 4 for every 10 mmHg ↑ in pCO2 above 40		*HCO3 increases by 4 for every 10 mmHg ↑ in pCO2 above 40
	*∆H+=0.4 (∆PaCO2)		*∆H+=0.4 (∆PaCO2)
	*In chronic respiratory acidosis, kidneys retain HCO3, which takes a few days		*In chronic respiratory acidosis, kidneys retain HCO3, which takes a few days
	Chronic respiratory alkalosis		'''Chronic respiratory alkalosis'''
	*HCO3 decreases by 5 for every 10 mmHg decrease in pCO2 below 40		*HCO3 decreases by 5 for every 10 mmHg decrease in pCO2 below 40
	*∆H+=0.5 (∆PaCO2)		*∆H+=0.5 (∆PaCO2)
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	^Consider balanced solution (LR) in patients with low pH (e.g. [[DKA]])		^Consider balanced solution (LR) in patients with low pH (e.g. [[DKA]])

	~~==Disposition==~~
	*Admit for:
	**Severe acidosis (pH <7.2) or alkalosis (pH >7.55)
	**Mixed acid-base disorders suggesting serious underlying pathology
	**Underlying cause requiring inpatient management
	*ICU admission for:
	**pH <7.1 or >7.6
	**Hemodynamic instability
	**Respiratory failure
	**Need for dialysis
	*Discharge with close follow-up for:
	**Mild single acid-base disorder with identified correctable cause
	**Stable chronic compensated disorders

	==See Also==		==See Also==

Danbot: Add evidence-based Disposition section

2026-03-22T10:04:01Z

Add evidence-based Disposition section

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 10:04 22 mar 2026
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	^Consider balanced solution (LR) in patients with low pH (e.g. [[DKA]])		^Consider balanced solution (LR) in patients with low pH (e.g. [[DKA]])

			==Disposition==
			*Admit for:
			**Severe acidosis (pH <7.2) or alkalosis (pH >7.55)
			**Mixed acid-base disorders suggesting serious underlying pathology
			**Underlying cause requiring inpatient management
			*ICU admission for:
			**pH <7.1 or >7.6
			**Hemodynamic instability
			**Respiratory failure
			**Need for dialysis
			*Discharge with close follow-up for:
			**Mild single acid-base disorder with identified correctable cause
			**Stable chronic compensated disorders

	==See Also==		==See Also==

Danbot: Strip excess bold

2026-03-22T09:27:56Z

Strip excess bold

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 09:27 22 mar 2026
Línea 1:		Línea 1:
	==Background==		==Background==
	Determiners of acid-base status are:		Determiners of acid-base status are:
	*~~'''~~CO2~~'''~~		*CO2
	*~~'''~~Weak acids (primarily albumin)~~'''~~		*Weak acids (primarily albumin)
	**If albumin goes up more acidotic (since albumin is an acid)		**If albumin goes up more acidotic (since albumin is an acid)
	*~~'''~~Strong ions~~'''~~		*Strong ions
	**Primarily Na-Cl		**Primarily Na-Cl
	**Normal difference is ~38 (140-102)		**Normal difference is ~38 (140-102)
Línea 48:		Línea 48:
	===Calculate Strong Ion Difference (SID)===		===Calculate Strong Ion Difference (SID)===
	''SID = Na - Cl''		''SID = Na - Cl''
	*~~'''~~Low SID is <38 and indicates a strong ion acidosis = hyperchloremic acidosis = non-gap acidosis and causes include~~'''~~		*Low SID is <38 and indicates a strong ion acidosis = hyperchloremic acidosis = non-gap acidosis and causes include
	**[[IVF\|Fluid administration]]		**[[IVF\|Fluid administration]]
	***Any fluid that has SID of <24 can cause acidosis (e.g. [[NS]], 1/2NS, D5W)		***Any fluid that has SID of <24 can cause acidosis (e.g. [[NS]], 1/2NS, D5W)
Línea 57:		Línea 57:
	**#Type IV: [[hyperkalemia\|Hyperkalemic]]; from aldosterone deficiency, diabetes		**#Type IV: [[hyperkalemia\|Hyperkalemic]]; from aldosterone deficiency, diabetes
	**[[Diarrhea]]		**[[Diarrhea]]
	*~~'''~~High SID is >38 and indicates a metabolic alkalosis and causes include:~~'''~~		*High SID is >38 and indicates a metabolic alkalosis and causes include:
	**Nasogastric suction		**Nasogastric suction
	**[[Diuretics]]		**[[Diuretics]]
Línea 68:		Línea 68:
	*Always consider the differential for a [[Lactic Acidosis (Lactate)]]		*Always consider the differential for a [[Lactic Acidosis (Lactate)]]
	*Calculate the strong ion gap (SIG) to explain the base deficit		*Calculate the strong ion gap (SIG) to explain the base deficit
	*~~'''~~SIG = (Base Deficit) + (SID – 38) + 2.5 (4.2 ‐ Albumin (g/dL)) – lactate~~'''~~		*SIG = (Base Deficit) + (SID – 38) + 2.5 (4.2 ‐ Albumin (g/dL)) – lactate
	*If SIG >2 this is a SIG metabolic acidosis = anion gap acidosis and the causes include:		*If SIG >2 this is a SIG metabolic acidosis = anion gap acidosis and the causes include:
	**Uremia		**Uremia
Línea 148:		Línea 148:

	==Determinants of compensation==		==Determinants of compensation==
	~~'''~~Metabolic acidosis:~~'''~~		Metabolic acidosis:
	*PaCO2 = 1.5 (HCO3) + 8 ± 2		*PaCO2 = 1.5 (HCO3) + 8 ± 2
	*PaCO2 = last two digits of pH		*PaCO2 = last two digits of pH
	*PaCO2= ↓ 1.0–1.5per ↓ 1mEq/L HCO3		*PaCO2= ↓ 1.0–1.5per ↓ 1mEq/L HCO3
	~~'''~~Metabolic alkalosis~~'''~~		Metabolic alkalosis
	*PaCO2 = 0.9 (HCO3) + 9		*PaCO2 = 0.9 (HCO3) + 9
	*PaCO2= ↑ 0.5–1.0 mm per ↑ 1mEq/L HCO3		*PaCO2= ↑ 0.5–1.0 mm per ↑ 1mEq/L HCO3
	~~'''~~Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis (acute acid-base changes based on PCO2 and HCO3):~~'''~~		Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis (acute acid-base changes based on PCO2 and HCO3):
	*∆H+=0.8 (∆PaCO2)		*∆H+=0.8 (∆PaCO2)
	*For every ↑ or ↓ of PCO2 by 1 the pH changes by 0.008		*For every ↑ or ↓ of PCO2 by 1 the pH changes by 0.008
	*For every ↑ or ↓ of HCO3 by 1 the pH changes by 0.015		*For every ↑ or ↓ of HCO3 by 1 the pH changes by 0.015
	~~'''~~Estimate of baseline PCO2 in patients with Acute Respiratory Acidosis:~~'''~~		Estimate of baseline PCO2 in patients with Acute Respiratory Acidosis:
	*Estimated baseline PCO2 = 2.4 (admission measured HCO3 – 22)		*Estimated baseline PCO2 = 2.4 (admission measured HCO3 – 22)
	~~'''~~Chronic respiratory acidosis~~'''~~<ref>Brandis K. Anesthesia MCQ. Rules for Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders. http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab9_3.php</ref>		Chronic respiratory acidosis<ref>Brandis K. Anesthesia MCQ. Rules for Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders. http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab9_3.php</ref>
	*HCO3 increases by 4 for every 10 mmHg ↑ in pCO2 above 40		*HCO3 increases by 4 for every 10 mmHg ↑ in pCO2 above 40
	*∆H+=0.4 (∆PaCO2)		*∆H+=0.4 (∆PaCO2)
	*In chronic respiratory acidosis, kidneys retain HCO3, which takes a few days		*In chronic respiratory acidosis, kidneys retain HCO3, which takes a few days
	~~'''~~Chronic respiratory alkalosis~~'''~~		Chronic respiratory alkalosis
	*HCO3 decreases by 5 for every 10 mmHg decrease in pCO2 below 40		*HCO3 decreases by 5 for every 10 mmHg decrease in pCO2 below 40
	*∆H+=0.5 (∆PaCO2)		*∆H+=0.5 (∆PaCO2)

ClaireLewis: /* Calculate the osmolar gap */

2019-10-15T16:09:11Z

Calculate the osmolar gap

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 16:09 15 oct 2019
Línea 95:		Línea 95:
	**[[Ethylene glycol]]		**[[Ethylene glycol]]
	**[[Mannitol]]		**[[Mannitol]]
	**[[isopropanol ~~toxicity~~\|Isopropanol]] (isopropyl alcohol)		**[[isopropanol Toxicity\|Isopropanol]] (isopropyl alcohol)
	**Propylene glycol		**Propylene glycol
	**[[Lithium]]		**[[Lithium]]

ClaireLewis at 16:08, 15 October 2019

2019-10-15T16:08:52Z

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 16:08 15 oct 2019
Línea 29:		Línea 29:
	==Evaluation==		==Evaluation==
	Diagnosis is based on clinical history as well as labs:		Diagnosis is based on clinical history as well as labs:
	*VBG/ABG		*[[VBG]]/[[ABG]]
	*Lactate		*[[Lactate]]
	*Albumin		*Albumin
	*Acetone		*Acetone
Línea 39:		Línea 39:
	*''Based on a stepwise approach taught about by Dr. Weingart based on the Stewart's Strong Ion Difference<ref>http://emcrit.org/wp-content/uploads/acid_base_sheet_2-2011.pdf</ref><ref>Stewart Acid base http://www.acid-base.com/strongion.php</ref>		*''Based on a stepwise approach taught about by Dr. Weingart based on the Stewart's Strong Ion Difference<ref>http://emcrit.org/wp-content/uploads/acid_base_sheet_2-2011.pdf</ref><ref>Stewart Acid base http://www.acid-base.com/strongion.php</ref>
	===Determine pH===		===Determine pH===
	*If pH >7.45 then patient's primary problem is alkalosis		*If pH >7.45 then patient's primary problem is [[alkalosis]]
	*If pH <7.35 the patient's primary problem is acidosis		*If pH <7.35 the patient's primary problem is [[acidosis]]
	*The body never over-corrects any acid-base disorder!		*The body never over-corrects any acid-base disorder!
	===Evaluate blood gas===		===Evaluate blood gas===
	*If pCO2 >45 then respiratory acidosis		*If pCO2 >45 then [[respiratory acidosis]]
	*If pCO2 <35 respiratory alkalosis		*If pCO2 <35 [[respiratory alkalosis]]

	===Calculate Strong Ion Difference (SID)===		===Calculate Strong Ion Difference (SID)===
	''SID = Na - Cl''		''SID = Na - Cl''
	*'''Low SID is <38 and indicates a strong ion acidosis = hyperchloremic acidosis = non-gap acidosis and causes include'''		*'''Low SID is <38 and indicates a strong ion acidosis = hyperchloremic acidosis = non-gap acidosis and causes include'''
	**Fluid administration		**[[IVF\|Fluid administration]]
	***Any fluid that has SID of <24 can cause acidosis (e.g. NS, 1/2NS, D5W)		***Any fluid that has SID of <24 can cause acidosis (e.g. [[NS]], 1/2NS, D5W)
	**Renal ~~Tubular Acidosis~~		**[[Renal tubular acidosis]]
	***Calculate Urine Anion Gap: (Urine Na + K – Cl); if negative, not RTA		***Calculate Urine Anion Gap: (Urine Na + K – Cl); if negative, not RTA
	**#Type I: Urine pH <5.55		**#Type I: Urine pH <5.55
	**#Type II: Urine pH >5.55		**#Type II: Urine pH >5.55
	**#Type IV: Hyperkalemic; from aldosterone deficiency, diabetes		**#Type IV: [[hyperkalemia\|Hyperkalemic]]; from aldosterone deficiency, diabetes
	**[[Diarrhea]]		**[[Diarrhea]]
	*'''High SID is >38 and indicates a metabolic alkalosis and causes include:'''		*'''High SID is >38 and indicates a metabolic alkalosis and causes include:'''
	**Nasogastric suction		**Nasogastric suction
	**Diuretics		**[[Diuretics]]
	**Hyperaldosteronism		**Hyperaldosteronism
	**Volume depletion		**[[hypovolemia\|Volume depletion]]

	===Evaluate the Lactate===		===Evaluate the Lactate===
Línea 76:		Línea 76:
	**[[Ethylene Glycol Toxicity\|Ethylene Glycol]], methanol, propylene glycol		**[[Ethylene Glycol Toxicity\|Ethylene Glycol]], methanol, propylene glycol
	**[[Iron Toxicity]]		**[[Iron Toxicity]]
	**INH		**[[INH toxicity]]
	**Paraldehyde		**Paraldehyde
	**[[Lactic Acidosis]] (from short gut/blind loop - will not show on lactate assay)		**[[Lactic Acidosis]] (from short gut/blind loop - will not show on lactate assay)
Línea 91:		Línea 91:
	*Osm Gap = Measured Osmal – (2 Na + Gluc/18 + BUN/2.8 + ETOH/3.7)		*Osm Gap = Measured Osmal – (2 Na + Gluc/18 + BUN/2.8 + ETOH/3.7)
	*Positive if osm gap >10 and differential includes:		*Positive if osm gap >10 and differential includes:
	**Toxic alcohols (if Osm gap >50)		**[[Toxic alcohols]] (if Osm gap >50)
	**[[Methanol]]		**[[Methanol]]
	**[[Ethylene glycol]]		**[[Ethylene glycol]]
	**Mannitol		**[[Mannitol]]
	**Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)		**[[isopropanol toxicity\|Isopropanol]] (isopropyl alcohol)
	**Propylene glycol		**Propylene glycol
	**[[Lithium]]		**[[Lithium]]
Línea 107:		Línea 107:
	===Determine the Primary Diagnosis===		===Determine the Primary Diagnosis===
	*Acidemia		*Acidemia
	**↓HCO3 -Metabolic ~~Acidosis~~		**↓HCO3 -[[Metabolic acidosis]]
	**↑PaCO2-Respiratory ~~Acidosis~~		**↑PaCO2-[[Respiratory acidosis]]
	*Alkalemia		*Alkalemia
	**↑HCO3-Metabolic ~~Alkalosis~~		**↑HCO3-[[Metabolic alkalosis]]
	**↓PaCO2 - Respiratory ~~Alkalosis~~		**↓PaCO2 - [[Respiratory alkalosis]]
	===Calculate the [[Anion gap]]===		===Calculate the [[Anion gap]]===
	Anion gap = [Na+]– [HCO3-] – [Cl-]		Anion gap = [Na+]– [HCO3-] – [Cl-]
Línea 123:		Línea 123:
	\|-		\|-
	\|< 0.4		\|< 0.4
	\|~~Hyperchloraemic~~ normal anion gap acidosis		\|Hyperchloremic [[non anion gap acidosis\|normal anion gap acidosis]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|0.4 - 0.8		\|0.4 - 0.8
Línea 130:		Línea 130:
	\|1 to 2		\|1 to 2
	\|		\|
	*Usual for uncomplicated high-AG acidosis.		*Usual for uncomplicated [[anion gap acidosis\|high-AG acidosis]].
	*Lactic acidosis: average value 1.6		*[[Lactic acidosis]]: average value 1.6
	*DKA more likely to have a ratio closer to 1 due to urine ketone loss (esp if patient not dehydrated)		*[[DKA]] more likely to have a ratio closer to 1 due to urine ketone loss (esp if patient not dehydrated)
	\|-		\|-
	\| > 2		\| > 2

Rossdonaldson1: Text replacement - "Diarrhea" to "Diarrhea"

2016-09-24T11:56:04Z

Text replacement - "*Diarrhea" to "*Diarrhea"

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 11:56 24 sep 2016
Línea 56:		Línea 56:
	**#Type II: Urine pH >5.55		**#Type II: Urine pH >5.55
	**#Type IV: Hyperkalemic; from aldosterone deficiency, diabetes		**#Type IV: Hyperkalemic; from aldosterone deficiency, diabetes
	**Diarrhea		**[[Diarrhea]]
	*'''High SID is >38 and indicates a metabolic alkalosis and causes include:'''		*'''High SID is >38 and indicates a metabolic alkalosis and causes include:'''
	**Nasogastric suction		**Nasogastric suction

Rossdonaldson1: Text replacement - " resp " to " respiratory "

2016-08-03T11:58:52Z

Text replacement - " resp " to " respiratory "

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 11:58 3 ago 2016
Línea 164:		Línea 164:
	*HCO3 increases by 4 for every 10 mmHg ↑ in pCO2 above 40		*HCO3 increases by 4 for every 10 mmHg ↑ in pCO2 above 40
	*∆H+=0.4 (∆PaCO2)		*∆H+=0.4 (∆PaCO2)
	*In chronic ~~resp~~ acidosis, kidneys retain HCO3, which takes a few days		*In chronic respiratory acidosis, kidneys retain HCO3, which takes a few days
	'''Chronic respiratory alkalosis'''		'''Chronic respiratory alkalosis'''
	*HCO3 decreases by 5 for every 10 mmHg decrease in pCO2 below 40		*HCO3 decreases by 5 for every 10 mmHg decrease in pCO2 below 40

Neil.m.young: Text replacement - "==Diagnosis==" to "==Evaluation=="

2016-07-22T20:53:46Z

Text replacement - "==Diagnosis==" to "==Evaluation=="

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 20:53 22 jul 2016
Línea 27:		Línea 27:
	{{Acid-base disorders DDX}}		{{Acid-base disorders DDX}}

	==~~Diagnosis~~==		==Evaluation==
	Diagnosis is based on clinical history as well as labs:		Diagnosis is based on clinical history as well as labs:
	*VBG/ABG		*VBG/ABG

Neil.m.young: Text replacement - " w/ " to " with "

2016-07-11T21:55:19Z

Text replacement - " w/ " to " with "

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 21:55 11 jul 2016
Línea 189:		Línea 189:
	**SID is 892 (very alkalotic) is 8.4%		**SID is 892 (very alkalotic) is 8.4%

	^Consider balanced solution (LR) in patients w/ low pH (e.g. [[DKA]])		^Consider balanced solution (LR) in patients with low pH (e.g. [[DKA]])

	==See Also==		==See Also==

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 20:52 15 abr 2026
Línea 190:		Línea 190:

	^Consider balanced solution (LR) in patients with low pH (e.g. [[DKA]])		^Consider balanced solution (LR) in patients with low pH (e.g. [[DKA]])

			==Disposition==
			*Admit for:
			**Severe acidosis (pH <7.2) or alkalosis (pH >7.55)
			**Mixed acid-base disorders suggesting serious underlying pathology
			**Underlying cause requiring inpatient management
			*ICU admission for:
			**pH <7.1 or >7.6
			**Hemodynamic instability
			**Respiratory failure
			**Need for dialysis
			*Discharge with close follow-up for:
			**Mild single acid-base disorder with identified correctable cause
			**Stable chronic compensated disorders

	==See Also==		==See Also==