Ver el código de «Vagal nerve stimulator complications»

==Background==
[[File:VagusStimulator.jpg|thumb]]
*Used to treat refractory [[epilepsy]]
*Pulse generator implanted in chest, electric lead attached to vagus nerve in neck
*Generator stimulates vagal nerve at regular intervals
**Usually does NOT stimulate right vagus nerve (which innervates heart)
*Magnet over VNS leads to extra stimulation
**Patients/caregivers may use magnet in case of aura or breakthrough seizure

==Complications==
===Side Effects<ref>Serdaroglu A, Arhan E, Kurt G, et al. Long term effect of vagus nerve stimulation in pediatric intractable epilepsy: an extended follow-up. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32(4):641-6.</ref>===
*[[dysphonia|Hoarseness]], [[cough]], [[sore throat]]
*Drooling, [[dysphagia]]
*[[Torticollis]]/neck spasms
*Anorexia
*Shoulder abduction
*[[Urinary retention]]
*Outbursts of laughter 
===Complications<ref>Smyth MD, Tubbs RS, Bebin EM, Grabb PA, Blount JP. Complications of chronic vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy in children. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(3):500-3.</ref>===
*Superficial [[skin infection]]
*Deep space infection (e.g. [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[Ludwig's angina]]
*Vocal cord paralysis
*Contraction of supraglottic structures→ [[stridor]], sleep apnea
*[[facial paralysis|Facial muscle paresis]]
*Cardiac [[arrhythmia]] (rare, as usually left vagus is stimulated)
*Lead fracture
**[[Twiddler's syndrome]]: repeated (often subconscious) manipulation of device, can lead to lead fracture or other device malfunction

==Evaluation==

==Management==

==Disposition==

==See Also==
*[[Medical device complications]]
*[[Seizure]]

==External Links==

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Neurology]]