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===Waddell's Signs of Non-Organic [[Low back pain]]<ref>Waddell G, et al. Non-organic physical signs in low-back pain. Spine. 1980; 5:117-125.</ref>===
3 or more positives suggest non-organic or alternative organic source:
*Over-reaction to the examination
*Widespread superficial tenderness not corresponding to any anatomical distribution
*Pain on axial loading of the skull or pain on rotation of the shoulders and pelvis together
*Severely limited straight leg raising on formal testing in a patient who can sit forwards with the legs extended
*Lower limb weakness or sensory loss not corresponding to a nerve root distribution