Ver el código de «Pediatric jet ventilation»

==Overview==
[[File:F8.png|thumb|External views of the larynx: (a) anterior aspect; (b) anterolateral aspect with the thyroid gland and cricothyroid ligament removed.]]
[[File:Cartilages and ligaments of the larynx.png|thumb|The cartilages and ligaments of the larynx seen posteriorly.]]
*Also known as "percutaneous transtracheal ventilation"
*Provides a temporary secure airway to oxygenate and ventilate a patient in severe [[respiratory distress]] in whom less invasive techniques (eg, [[ventilation]] via [[bag-valve-mask]], [[laryngeal mask airway]], endotracheal [[intubation]]) have failed or are not likely to be successful (ie, "can't intubate, can't ventilate")

==Indications<ref>Patel RG .Percutaneous transtracheal jet ventilation: a safe, quick, and temporary way to provide oxygenation and ventilation when conventional methods are unsuccessful. Chest. 1999 Dec;116(6):1689-94.</ref>==
*Can’t intubate, can’t ventilate
*Severe [[maxillofacial trauma]]
*Bleeding in the upper airway that obscures your ability to see anatomy
*Severe swelling/edema
*Chemical or thermal [[burns]]
*[[Surgical airway]] of choice for children younger than 12 years of age (due to the small airway and *increased risk of laryngeal injury with cricothyrotomy)
*Diagnostic or surgical laryngoscopy requiring good exposure of the larynx, continuous control of airway patency, and immobility of the vocal cords where elective tracheostomy is not a good option. In this case usually high frequency jet ventilation is used rather than manual jet ventilation.

==Contraindications==
*Because of the risk of [[pneumothorax]] and subcutaneous or mediastinal emphysema, jet ventilation should not be used when you are able to secure the airway using more conventional and non-invasive means. In addition, it should not be used if there is:
**Damage to the trachea or tracheal rupture: pressurized air would escape into the soft tissues
**Severe obstruction of the airway above the cricothyroid membrane: patient would be unable to exhale and risk of pneumothorax would increase

==Equipment Needed==
*14-16G angiocath
*3cc syringe (for emergent ventilation)
*7.5ETT connector (for emergent ventilation)
*ambu bag (for emergent ventilation)
*10cc syringe with 3-5cc saline
*jet ventilator

==Procedure==
[[File:Barrel-connector.png|thumb|Pediatric jet ventilation setup.]]
*Percutaneous cricothyroidotomy

**The patient should be supine. If there is no risk of cervical spine injury, extend the head to expose the neck. Prep the skin.
**First identify the cricothyroid membrane. The blood vessels tend to overlie the upper third of the cricothyroid membrane. Making your puncture in the lower third will minimize the risk of hitting them.
**Use the largest IV catheter possible, such as a size 10 or 14 gauge in the adult. For a child choose a smaller catheter such as an 18 or 16 gauge.
**Attach a 10 ml syringe to the hub of the needle. The syringe should contain 3-5 ml of saline. Stand at the head of the bed and aim the needle slightly caudad at an angle of about 30-40 degrees. Aspirate as you advance. Your insertion should be slow and deliberate to avoid puncture of the posterior tracheal wall. As soon as you enter the tracheal lumen you will see bubbles in the saline as you aspirate air, verifying intratracheal placement.
**Once you have entered the trachea, slide the catheter off the needle into the trachea. The catheter should slide easily. Immediately attach your syringe to the hub of the catheter again and aspirate air. There should be no resistance. Do not skip verification of correct placement inside the tracheal lumen because you must be absolutely sure that the catheter is correctly placed inside the trachea. Jet ventilation against or into the tracheal wall can cause massive subcutaneous emphysema that can cause catastrophic airway distortion and obstruction.
**Steady the catheter by the hub to ensure that it doesn’t move. Keep your fingers in contact with the neck while holding the hub to avoid accidentally pulling the catheter out of position.

*using a jet ventilator
**You should familiarize yourself with the jet ventilator available in your institution.
**0 to <5 years old- < 20 mmHg (you can also consider use of Bag-Valve device to limit peak pressure: see below)
**5 to 12 years old- < 30mm/Hg
**12 years old – 50 mm/Hg
**Use I:E ratio of 1:4 to 1:5, with a breath rate of 10 to 12/minute for most children. 
**You risk tension pneumothorax if the patient cannot exhale or isn’t given enough time to exhale. Never press the trigger unless you are watching the patient’s chest.

*when a jet ventilator is not available


Note: Hypercarbia Will Develop Without A Jet Ventilator
Although hypoxia is avoided with any of these non-jet ventilator techniques, hypercarbia will develop. This can cause significant respiratory acidosis if use of these techniques is prolonged. However, any oxygen supplied during emergency treatment of airway obstruction is useful.

==Complications==
*[[Pneumothorax]]
*[[Pneumomediastinum]]
*[[Tracheal injury]]
*[[Hypercapnia]] 

==See Also==
*[[Surgical airways]]
*[[Difficult airway algorithm]]

{{Mechanical ventilation pages}}

==External Links==
*https://airwayjedi.com/2015/10/29/dont-be-afraid-to-use-percutaneous-jet-ventilation-in-an-emergency/
*https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1413327-overview

===Videos===
*MDedge (1:52) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_PV7N2c2pQ

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Procedures]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Critical Care]]