Ver el código de «In-training exam review»

==Buzzwords==
''This page consists of high-yield word associations meant for rapid review while studying for ITE or boards''
===Cardiovascular===
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Question'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Answer'''
|-
| Treatments for [[Torsades de pointes]]?||Magnesium, [[Isoproterenol]], Overdrive pacing, [[Defibrillation]]
|-
| Most specific sign in acute [[CHF]]?||S3
|-
| Most common '''sign''' in [[myocarditis]]?||[[Tachycardia]]
|-
| Joules for [[synchronized cardioversion]]? (with biphasic)||Narrow regular(eg [[SVT]]): 50-100 J

Narrow irregular (eg [[A fib]]): 120-200 J (50-100 J often sufficient for [[A flutter]])

Wide regular (eg [[Vtach]]): 100 J
|-
| Joules for [[defibrillation]]?||120-200 J
|-
| Joules for [[PALS|pediatric]] cardioversion and defibrillation?||[[Cardioversion]]: 0.5 J/kg, repeat with 1 J/kg if unsuccessful

[[Defibrillation]]: 2 J/kg, repeat with 4 J/kg if unsuccessful
|-
| Most common cause of [[Pacemaker complication|pacemaker failure]] to pace?||Oversensing
|-
| EKG findings in [[pericarditis]]?||Diffuse PR depressions and ST elevations (reversed in aVR)
|-
| [[Dialysis]] patient w/ new-onset heart failure. Pressing on fistula causes pulse to drop from 130 to 90 bpm. Dx and sign?||[[High-output heart failure]], Branham sign
|-
| Treatment for patient with [[ACS]] with [[aspirin]] allergy?||[[Clopidogrel]]
|-
| How to distinguish [[early repolarization]] from [[pericarditis]]?||ST/T ratio < 0.25 in [[early repolarization]]
|-
| [[Heart transplant complications|Cardiac transplant]] patient with bradycardia. Which drug will NOT work?||[[Atropine]] due to denervation of heart during transplantation
|-
| Bidirectional [[ventricular tachycardia]]?||[[Digoxin toxicity]]
|-
| How many blood cultures are needed to diagnose [[endocarditis]]?||3 separate sets
|}

===Dermatology===
===Endocrine===
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Question'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Answer'''
|-
| What are the doses for dextrose in pediatric patients? ||5ml/kg of D10 if <1yo

2ml/kg of D25 if 1-8yo

1ml/kg of D50 if >8yo

Formula: ml/kg x concentration = 50
|}

===Environmental===
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Question'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Answer'''
|-
| Which blood count is used for prognostication in [[acute radiation syndrome]]?||Absolute lymphocyte count
|}

===GI===
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Question'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Answer'''
|-
| Painful bowel movements with BRB when wiping?||[[Anal fissure]]
|-
| Most common cause of [[small bowel obstruction]]?||Adhesions
|-
| Most common cause of [[large bowel obstruction]]?||Cancer
|-
| Management of thrombosed [[hemorrhoid]]?||Elliptical incision to remove clot
|-
| Risk factors for sigmoid volvulus?||Elderly, residents of long-term and psychiatric facilities, hx chronic constipation
|-
| Risk factors for cecal volvulus?||Younger patients than sigmoid volvulus (30-60 yo), [[pregnancy]]
|-
| Most common location for esophageal foreign body in children?||Cricopharyngeus muscle
|-
| Most common location for esophageal foreign body in adults?||Lower esophageal sphincter
|-
| Infant with bloody stools that are hemoccult negative after recently starting antibiotics. Which antibiotic were they prescribed?||[[Cefdinir]]
|-
| Toddler with bloody diarrhea and [[seizures]]. Diagnosis?||[[Shigella]]
|-
| Diagnostic criteria for [[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]]?||Ascitic fluid with PMNs ≥250 (≥100 for [[peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis]])
|}

===HENT===
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Question'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Answer'''
|-
| Best solutions for an [[Dental avulsion|avulsed tooth]]?||Hank's solution>Milk>Saliva>Saline
|-
| Ellis classification for [[dental fractures]]?||Class I: Enamel

Class II: Dentin exposed

Class III: Pulp exposed

Management: Dental referral, Class I file down sharp edges, Classes II/III cover with calcium hydroxide
|-
| Most common source in anterior [[epistaxis]]?||Kiesselbach plexus
|-
| Most common source in posterior [[epistaxis]]?||Sphenopalatine artery
|-
| "Woody" texture and swelling of submandibular tissues w/ tongue elevation?||[[Ludwig's angina]]
|-
| Most common organism in [[otitis externa]]?||[[Pseudomonas]]
|-
| Most common organism in [[otitis media]]?||[[Strep pneumo]]
|-
| Toddler presents with perioral electrical burns after chewing on a cable. What complication is he/she at risk for?||Delayed labial artery bleeding (5-21 days after injury)
|}

===Infectious Disease===
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Question'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Answer'''
|-
| Patient with arthralgias and pustule on hand. Diagnosis?||Disseminated [[gonorrhea]]
|-
| What organism needs to be covered for prophylaxis for a puncture wound through a tennis shoe?||[[Pseudomonas]], treat with [[ciprofloxacin]]
|-
| Prophylaxis for close contacts of patient with meningococcal [[meningitis]]?||[[Rifampin]]
|-
| Diagnosis and treatment for patient with fever and target rash in the NE United States?||[[Lyme disease]] and [[doxycycline]]
|}

===Neurology===
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Question'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Answer'''
|-
| BP goal for acute [[ischemic stroke]]?||<220/120mmHg if not a tPA candidate, <180/105mmHg if giving tPA
|}

===OB/GYN===

===Pediatrics===
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Question'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Answer'''
|-
| Formula for low end of normal systolic blood pressure?||70 mmHg + (age in years x 2) mmHg
|}

===Pulmonary===

===Toxicology===
See also: [[Antidotes]]
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Question'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Answer'''
|-
| Lab findings and treatment for [[ethanol toxicity]]?||[[Toxic alcohols|+ osmolar gap, + anion gap (if ketoacidosis), supportive care]]
|-
| Lab findings and treatment for [[methanol toxicity]]?||[[Toxic alcohols|+ osmolar, + anion gap, fomepizole, folinic acid, +/- dialysis]]
|-
| Lab findings and treatment for [[ethylene glycol toxicity]]?||[[Toxic alcohols|+ osmolar, + anion gap, fomepizole, thiamine, pyridoxine, +/- dialysis]]
|-
| Lab findings and treatment for [[isopropyl alcohol toxicity]]?||[[Toxic alcohols|+ osmolar gap, - anion gap, supportive care]]
|-
| [[Beta blocker overdose]] antidotes?||[[Glucagon]] and high dose insulin
|-
| [[Beta blocker overdose]] with wide QRS?||[[Propranolol]]
|-
| [[Beta blocker overdose]] with [[prolonged QT]]?||[[Sotalol]]
|-
| Dispo for patient who presents comatose and is intubated for airway protection, then wakes up in the ED and is A&Ox4?||Discharge ([[GHB toxicity]], short half life)
|-
| Mechanism of [[benzodiazepines]]?||Increase frequency of GABA-A channel opening
|-
| Mechanism of [[barbiturates]]?||Increase duration of GABA-A channel opening
|-
| Mnemonic for common dialyzable toxins?||[[Dialyzable drugs|BLISTMED and ISTUMBLED]]
|-
| Indications for [[Hyperbaric medicine|hyperbaric oxygen]] in [[carbon monoxide]] poisoning?||CO level >25% (>15% if pregnant), loss of consciousness, severe metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.1), concern for end-organ ischemia
|-
| Ingestion that mimics [[tetanus]] and exhibits "awake" seizures in which patient is alert and oriented during tonic-clonic activity?||[[Strychnine]]
|}

===Miscellaneous===
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Question'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Answer'''
|-
| If an on-scene physician arrives after EMS has initiated care, who makes the final decision, the on-scene doc or the medline physician?||The medline physician, though he/she can defer to on-scene physician
|}

==See also==

[[Category:Board Review]]