Ver el código de «Down syndrome»

==Background==
*Caused by trisomy 21, the most common chromosomal disorder in humans
*Patients are at increased risk for injuries and diseases related to issues caused by their genetic condition.

==Clinical Features==
All patients have intellectual disability. Patients may also have some or all of the following abnormalities: 
*Mental impairment 
*Abnormal teeth
*Stunted growth
*Slanted eyes
*Umbilical hernia
*Shortened hands
*Increased skin at the back of the neck
*Short neck 
*Hypotonia
*Obstructive sleep apnea
*Ligamentous laxity
*Single transverse palmar crease (Simian crease)
*Large tongue
*Congenital heart disease
*Flattened nose
*Strabismus
*Undescended testicles

==Pathology by System==
Patients with Down syndrome may have some or all of the following EM-relevant pathologies

===Airway/Respiratory===
*Macroglossia and a relatively small mouth
*Tracheal stenosis
*Obstructive sleep apnea
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]

===Cardiac===
*[[Congenital heart disease]] (usually [[ASD]] or [[VSD]]) in ~40%

===Endocrine===
*[[Thyroid disease]] is common

===Gastrointestinal===
*Increased risk of [[duodenal atresia|intestinal atresia]] and [[Hirschsprung's disease]]
*Functional [[ileus]] and [[constipation]] are common

===HEENT===
*Increased incidence of cataracts, hearing loss
*Small ear canals with increased rates of [[otitis media]]
*Early onset [[hearing loss]].

===Orthopedic===
*Cervical spine - increased risk of [[atlanto-occipital dissociation]]
*Ligamentous laxity increases the risk of [[joint dislocations|dislocation]] or subluxation at any joint

==Evaluation==
*Evaluation and management should focus on the patient's complaint or anatomic area of of concern while taking into consideration the above disease specific pathologies.

==Management==
*Based on diagnosis and specific underlying problem

==Disposition==
*Based on specific underlying problem

==See Also==
[[Cervical injury (peds)]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Pediatrics]] [[Category:Trauma]] [[Category:Misc/General]]